Analysis Of The Article Higher Ed - 950 Words

Summary The topic of the article â€Å"Higher Ed Begins to Unite Behind Common Core† that was written and publish in 2013 was suitable and fitting to the article, it shapes the body of the paper and also the overall conclusion. It explains why the author is writing the article and it also forms the layout of the complete article. The purpose of the article is to inform people about whether or not students are ready for college level education and how to better prepare students for meeting the academic requirements and education level that they should be before entering college. â€Å"According to the ACT’s recently released Condition of College and Career Readiness 2013, only 26% of all ACT-tested high school graduates met the College Readiness Benchmarks in English, Reading, Mathematics and Science in 2013† (Chan, 2014). Based on the information found in the article â€Å"Higher Ed Beings to Unite Behind Common Core,† the author Monnica Chan did not provide he r opinions as to what she thinks about whether or not high school graduates are ready for college, however, she has provided evidence with regards to why most students in 2013 was not prepare for a college education by giving the percentage of students who passed the ACT test and she also list quite a few education leaders who are supporting college and career-readiness for K-12 students. Preparing student for a college level education has become a number one priority in quite a few schools. I believe that parents and teachersShow MoreRelatedJournal Article Analysis Essay example1577 Words   |  7 PagesJournal Article Analysis tgkoontz University of Phoenix Abstract A Week 3 assignment in the class, PHL/717 Constructing Meaning, required a philosophical analysis of an article in the Journal of Psychology. 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Rudolf K. Sanders Christian Counseling Ethics A Handbook...

In Chapter 10 of Rudolph K. Sanders’ book, Christian Counseling Ethics: A Handbook for Psychologists, Therapists and Pastors, Mark Yarhouse, Jill Kays and Stanton Jones discuss the â€Å"sexual minority† as it pertains to the field of professional counseling. This group is defined as â€Å"individuals with same sex attractions or behavior, regardless of self-identification† (Sanders, et. al., 2013, p. 252). By looking at counseling the homosexual community through its etiology, standards by which a counselor should proceed with treatment, and the options a client has on deciding treatment options, we can be better prepared as Christian counselors to be better prepared in serving the needs of others. Summarize The idea of being competent is vital†¦show more content†¦al., 2013, p. 253). With treatments such as â€Å"professional therapy and paraprofessional/religious ministry contexts†, Sanders and his colleagues report that thirty percent of those who participated in this form of therapy achieved â€Å"positive outcomes† (2013, p. 255). Although critics to changing one’s sexual orientation claim that there are many factors that limit the support of the research proving the success of this treatment option, Sanders states that there is data supporting successful conversions (2013, p. 255). A counselor’s primary goal is to have integrity, while also having the client’s well-being as a priority. While competency is the most important factor in professional counseling, a level of trust needs to be met between the client and the counselor. When a client has full confidence that the counselor will maintain confidentiality, the counselor’s integrity has been established and the client can being to open up more to the counselor, establishing better tools for increasing mental health (Sanders, et. al., 2013, p. 263). Sexual identity therapy is also a potential means of. The client has every right to choose whether or not they receive the treatment that they are recommended by a counselor. By providing the client with any information that can contribute to them making an informed decision on their treatment plan, we can be sure that we have

Adult Development Analysis Free Essays

string(92) " not violate any of her parents’ rules because her strict mother would surely punish her\." Lamis came from a family that originated from the country of Pakistan. She has a big family–her mother, father, fiver brothers, and two sisters–and they all give importance to the values, culture and behaviors inculcated into their minds by their parents. She expressed how blessed she was to be in a family that treasures love, respect, integrity, and life. We will write a custom essay sample on Adult Development Analysis or any similar topic only for you Order Now Lamis life was indeed very challenging because she grew up amidst various complexities in life. When she was a little child, she was always confused as to whose directions should she follow because she has parents who are entirely two different individuals. Her mother is someone who loves to be with people so much. She likes socializing with people and undertaking activities with them because such experience gives her certain pleasure and enjoyment that she does not find in any other places. Her father, on the other hand, is the exact opposite of her mother. He does not like the idea of being with people. He is more comfortable being alone in his own place, perhaps because her father is a very private person. He keeps a lot of things in his mind and usually do not share most of those things to her mother. Furthermore, her father is very pragmatic and he is open-minded that he understands the contemporary things they do in their lives even if those are sometimes against his beliefs. On the contrary, her mother does not want them to do things on their own. She is very strict in terms of the things they undertake. She wants them to always obey her because she believes that she knows what is best for her children. The contradictions demonstrated by Lamis’ parents made her initially a very confused individual. It affected the development of her morality. She told me she loves both of her parents so she was usually torn between whether to follow her father or her mother. She eventually learned to balance the characters of her parents and somehow managed to grasp the positivity of their differing individualities and created a whole set of values, behaviors, and beliefs that influenced her moral development. Lawrence Kohlberg, a theorist who proposed the concept of moral development, conceived that individuals continue through each stage of moral development consecutively without skipping or returning to a previous stage. According to him, the stages of processing ideas, implying qualitatively, various ways of reasoning, and of problem solving are incorporated in the three levels of pre-conventional, conventional and post conventional development (Hayes, 1994). The pre-conventional level of Kohlberg’s moral development theory communicated that behavior is motivated by anticipation of pleasure or pain (Hayes, 1994). The child is aware of cultural rules and labels of good or bad and right or wrong. The subject then interprets the labels in terms of the physical consequence, such as punishment or reward. This was true in Lamis’ family particularly with how her parents raised them. Her mother, in particular, would always want them to help each other and to do things in accordance with her will because she was so strict during those times. She would not allow them to play outside the house if any of them disobey her. Also, she wanted them to always study hard and incessantly reminded them the importance of education in their life. Hence, she would keep their toys and other sources of entertainment like television if they do not review their lessons at least two hours everyday. Her father, on the other hand, would reward them for every good things they do like cleaning the house, fixing their bedrooms, and studying their lessons. He would buy them special cookies or their favorite chocolates every good grade they get from school. Going back to Kohlberg’s moral development theory, the first level, pre-conventional, of moral thinking is generally found at the elementary school level, before the age of nine (Kay, 1982). This level is divided into the following two stages. The punishment and obedience orientation. This is observed in children ages one to five. The subject is in avoidance of physical punishment and deference to power. The child behaves according to the socially acceptable norms, due to the fear of punishment by an authority figure. The physical aftermaths of an action ascertain its goodness or badness. â€Å"What is right is to avoid breaking rules, to obey for obedience’s sake, and to avoid doing physical damage to people and property† (as cited in Wart, 1998, p. 36). Furthermore, an individual at this stage does not consider the thoughts or feelings of others, nor are they able to relate two points of view. As in Piaget’s framework, ego-centrism and the inability to consider the perspectives of others characterize the reasoning of stage one (Piaget, 2003). The individual instrumental purpose and exchange orientation. Subjects usually between the ages of 5 to 10 are observed maintaining the attributes of being â€Å"self-serving.† This stage is â€Å"characterized by a view that right behavior means acting in one’s own best interest and occasionally taking into consideration the needs of others† (Penn State Engineering, 2006). There is an early emergence of moral reciprocity. â€Å"You scratch my back, I’ll scratch yours.† The individual will do what is necessary to satisfy his own needs not concentrating on loyalty or gratitude. Justice becomes â€Å"Do unto others as they do unto you.† What is right is the immediate interest in the form of an equal exchange, deal or agreement. A subject at this stage of moral development has a basic understanding that norms and conventions are necessary to uphold society. The motto of this stage is â€Å"What’s in it for me?† Elements of sharing are present but are interpreted in a physical pragmatic way (Hayes, 1994). When Lamis was a little kid, she told me she really did not care so much about the feelings of other people like her siblings and playmates. What was important for her was to play and made sure that she did not violate any of her parents’ rules because her strict mother would surely punish her. You read "Adult Development Analysis" in category "Papers" Lamis was so young then that she actually did not understand everything her mother told her but she did acknowledge the fact that her mother would not be happy if she does something wrong. Until Lamis learned to care about other people and realize the importance of doing good things to others. Her father played an important part in making her understand the essentiality of recognizing the welfare of other individuals in order for those people to do the same good things to her. Lamis’ early learning experiences were fundamentally influenced by her family. She told me during the interview that she did not go to school early, unlike other children, because she had asthma. She only started to go to school when she was eight years old. Apart from the fact that she had asthma, her parents were scared to leave Lamis in school at a very early age. Such action, according to her, was perhaps due to the conservatism in their culture. Yet, her father never forgot to tell her good things about going to school and learning new things from a teacher. Lamis’ father would always narrate his positive experiences he acquired from school and things that education allowed him to do. Hence, Lamis became really interested in going to school and in fact, became one of the best students when she started her formal education. Furthermore, Lamis was very thankful to her mother being extrovert. Although she was not allowed to go to school at an early age, her mother would always bring her whenever her mother would socialize with her friends and this was perhaps where she learned most of her social skills, where, according to Kohlberg and Piaget, most moral development occurs along with aging process (Duska Whelan, 1975). When Lamis started her first formal education in Saudi Arabia, she admitted to me that she had complicated experiences the first time basically because she found it very challenging to assimilate to the culture of her school considering that her native culture was very different from the school culture in so many ways. On top of this, she did not know the English language that made it more difficult for her to interact with and understand her classmates. She shared to me one experience and this happened during the school opening. She came to school with short hair and most of her classmates were making fun of her. Since she did not understand the language, she did not get affected and instead maintained her good values and behaviors that her parents inculcated into her mind. Lamis further shared to me some of her strengths when she was a student. She told me she was that kind of student who leads and influences other students. She never got intimidated by the presence of her classmates. In fact, she was the class leader and she was the one assigned to do the morning news and introduction at school. She was capable of handling the entire class and her teacher actually entrusted to her the class whenever the teacher leaves. She took responsibilities very well. Such behaviors gave her good grades in school for 12 years. During this part of the interview, I was able to trace where these positive and strong attitudes and behaviors came from. I believe her being strong, socially interactive, intelligent, independent, and creative was due to the trainings provided by her parents when she was a little kid. As mentioned earlier, Lamis was introduced to the notion of reward and punishment system when she was young. Her strict mother would always ask her to study and do things accordingly; otherwise a corresponding punishment would be executed. The interview moreover reveals that Lamis’ life is heavily influenced by her many personal encounters with an array of people of equally diverging personality types. Which is why, Erik Erikson’s psychosocial theory appears to be a very good choice to help further elucidate Lamis’ unique learning tendencies and personality traits. Erikson’s model, if only to mention, puts higher premium than most on exploring the environmental influences of a person as one grows up. In other words, it â€Å"considers the impact of external factors, parents and society on personality development from childhood to adulthood† (Learning Theories, 2007). According to Erik Erikson, each person needs to undergo eight major life-defining stages over the period of their given life spans. And these stages, on a careful analysis, have two chief characteristics. First, these interrelated life stages – infancy, toddler-hood, school-age, adolescence, early and mid and late-adulthood – are differentiated not by the traditional approach involving the use of chronologically-based age ordering system. Put in other words, Erikson’s model does not rely on the age of the person in solely evaluating his or her psychological development. Instead, Erikson conceives of these life stages always view of the growth and development of a person achieves relative to his or her age. Critical to his notion of psychosocial theory of personality development is the areas of growth that come with each life stage. Second, every life stage consists in â€Å"a developmental task that confronts individuals with crisis† (Satrock, 2006, p. 71). Erikson’s model maintains that a person needs to find a resourceful way to successfully hurdle the respective crises each life stage brings him or her. If a person resolves a crisis, it serves his growth process well. If a person is unable figure a resolution for it, chances are, it stalls the development of his or her growth and well being. Crises, in needs to argued, are life-defining moments. And as such, it promises not only an ugly catastrophe for a person, but an â€Å"enhanced potential† of a healthy psychological life as well (p. 71). During infancy, Erikson believes that a person needs to resolve fundamental trusts issues. This is achieved when a child is adequately nurtured; i.e., if the immediate environment – the mother, father and siblings, among others – responds well to his or her needs. If a child did not establish a basic sense of security from the family, it can result to an unfortunate retardation of his capacity to trust the larger world later on. Stage two meanwhile pertains to the struggle of a toddler to establish his will. During this stage, a child is able to learn many new things and is beginning to learn what is right from wrong. Depending on the way a person is nurtured at this particular stage, a child can either end up having a strong sense of autonomy or shame. The next phase is the preschooler stage – a time, as it were, to indulge in childhood curiosity. When properly affirmed, a child can develop a good sense of initiative. When constantly rebuked, a child is expected to develop a gripping sense of guilt. According to Erikson, the immediate family of a child plays a very crucial role in the development or the retardation of children undergoing these three initial stages. In many ways, the importance Erikson places on the role of the family makes his theory wholly distinct from the more inclination-indulging theory of S. Freud (Erikson, 1964, p. 9) Stage four meanwhile concerns the school phase of a child. During these years, a child needs to be empowered to develop his or her competence and self-esteem. At this stage too, a child can either develop a sense of industry or inferiority depending on the manner by which he or she successfully handles the pressures of peer and studies. The next phase is the adolescence stage. At this point, the influence of the family, especially the parents, start to diminish. Everyone’s chief concern at this stage is to establish fidelity in one’s personal affiliation, belongingness, or even relationships. Moreover, a person can either end up establishing a strong sense of who he or she is, or wound up under-developing his or her identity in a crisis marked by severe confusion. Stages six to eight pertains to a person in his or her adulthood. In particular, stage six, or the early adulthood stage, underscores a person’s struggle for love. Since this is the stage proper to establishing relationships, a person can either nurture intimacy or fall apart because of isolation. Stages seven and eight are phases that involve a person’s quest for generativity and integrity. When undermined, a person can sorely wound up into a stage of extreme wallowing and despair (Learning Theories, 2007; Satrock, 2006, pp 71-72). Using Erik Erikson’s theory to evaluate Lamis, the following observations can be noted: First, it can be said that Lamis’ authoritative comportment and unmistakable confidence take root from a successful resolution of her life’s first stage. Lamis’s early life was marked by healthy interaction with her family members. And because each person takes on the â€Å"capital† of gaining something from one’s family of origin (Wartofsky, 1986, p. 113), it can be argued that Lamis’ was able to gain the all important aspect of familial love in her life. Lamis admits belonging to a family that places much regard on care, love and nurturance. Moreover, her being born into a large family turned out to be an advantage for her as well, since her basic need to be nurtured and taken care of as an infant was addressed. This is perhaps the most fundamental reason why Lamis was to develop a strong sense of security as an adult; as indeed, this factor too may help explain why she looks at the world brimming with confidence, optimism and pride. Next, one can also note that Lamis’ is herself quite clued-up with the fact that most of what she believes in and holds on in life stem from the unique manner by which she was nurtured. For instance, Lamis claims that early on in life, she already manifested a certain strain of stoicism towards feelings on account of a very strong sense of rules and punishment-reinforcements. For someone who was just beginning to explore the world, it seems pretty obvious that Lamis developed a sense of autonomy defined by how successful she was able to play by the rules. Her desire to avoid being punished and suffer the shame of being reprimanded by her otherwise rigorous mother was controlling motive for this. As such, this is a classic case of autonomy vs. shame struggle manifested by toddlers. In the process, what emerged from her struggle to obey was a person who has a specific leaning towards obedience and a knack on leadership that influences other people to obey as well. Lastly, it has to be mentioned as well that Lamis’ school age is also marked by a successful overcoming of inferiority and low self esteem crises. During the interview, Lamis revealed that her initial contact with the school environment turned out rather unpleasant; as indeed, she had to adjust into the school system rather quickly (since she did not have any schooling prior to her entrance at the age of eight), and put up with incessant teasing of her classmates. But because she was nurtured by a family that cared and supported her, she was able to overcome her school-age crises. In the process, she developed her sense of initiative and industry. This is perhaps seen most glaringly in the healthy and motivated way by which she views her efforts to succeed well in her studies even until the present. To briefly conclude, this paper ends with a thought that, indeed, Erik Erikson’s psychosocial theory is able to provide a window for us to look at Lamis’ belief system, behavioral uniqueness and personal worldviews within the larger context of her past experiences. Lamis is indeed a person shaped by the interactions she has had in her lifetime. It is imperative to note that in the years to come, she is to encounter more life defining crises; this time about issues pertinent to adulthood. But what stands out for the meantime is her triumphant emergence from the three identified crises she has thus far encountered. After using Erikson’s theory, we were able to affirm that Lamis’ being able to establish a healthy sense of confidence as an infant, autonomy as toddler, and initiative and industry as a school-age child, surely did serve her well. Bibliography Duska, R. Whelan, M. (1975). Moral development: A guide to Piaget and Kohlberg. New Jersey: Paulist Press. Erikson, E. (1964). Insight and Responsibility. Lectures on the Ethical Implications of   Ã‚   Psychoanalytic Insight. New York: Norton and Company. Hayes, R. L. (1994). The legacy of Lawrence Kohlberg: Implications for counseling and human development. Journal of Counseling Development, 72(3), pp. 261-267. Kay, S. R. (1982). Kohlberg’s theory of moral development: Critical analysis of validation studies with the defining issues test. International Journal of Psychology, 17(1), pp. 27-43. Learning Theories Knowledgebase (2008). â€Å"Erikson’s Stages of Development†. Retrieved 28   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   July 2008, from http://www.learning-theories.com/eriksons-stages-of-   development.html Penn State Engineering. (2006). Ethical decision making processes. Retrieved June 24, 2008, from http://www.vanderbilt.edu/CenterforEthics/Descriptions-More%20Info/Resource%20Pages%20for%20Ethics%20Workshop%20-%202006.pdf. Piaget, J. (2003). Part I: Cognitive development in children – Piaget development and learning. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 40(1), pp. 8-18. Satrock, J. (2006). Educational Psychology. New York, McGraw Hill, Inc. Wart, M. V. (1998). Changing public sector values: Montgomery Van Wart. Taylor Francis. How to cite Adult Development Analysis, Papers

City Planning City Building Infrastructure

Question: Write about theCity Planningfor City Building Infrastructure. Answer: Transport interchange is a designated designed area/place that facilitates the exchange of cargo and passengers between available means of transport the likes of vehicles, train, ships, aero plane among others. The interchange is mostly referred to as transport hub that includes bus stops, airports, ferries, and harbor and railway stations. Interchange creates opportunities for growth and development especially in transport sector that greatly contribute to positive growth in the economy. Most developed countries the likes of United Kingdom, United State Of America, Australia, Japan, China among others have witnessed the benefits associated with interchange terminal especially in urban set ups. Transport interchange in urban centers shapes peoples way of life through quick access to use of their land for economical purposes hence illustrating the interlink impact of transport system in metropolitan form. Its therefore not possible to separate transport interchange with the urban form basically because they mutually interrelate. However, transport interchange must always meet the required technical threshold capacity of operation so as to adequately serve the users efficiently. Interchange designing involves provision of architectural and engineering services in re-creation of transport hubs on the land and above sea as is being illustrated during construction of the Lake Macquerie Transport Interchange in West Australia where architects involved are skilled and experienced. An interchange should function smoothly for road operators the likes of pedestrians, self - propelling machines among other transport operators. Interchange construction involves parties with different expertise skills like architects, engineers, city planners, inter change designers experts, financers of the project and its operations. In Australia we have interchanges constructed to ease vehicle congestion in the just normal usable roads the like the one along Ryde Road whereby due to the high number of road users dropping off and picking up of passengers by the public vehicles used to create traffic since there were no transport interchanges along Ryde Road. Interchanges have greatly contributed to the growth of cities in Australia both economically and infrastructural. The City of Lake Macquarie and its suburbs is expected to growth better as the plan of constructing The Lake Macquarie Transport Interchange (LMTI) is underway. It will clearly illustrates how interchanges have impacted positively to development of cities in Australia. Lake Macquarie Transport Interchange is an expected important infrastructure in New South Wales whereby it will facilitate reliability in transport system through minimization of usage of vehicle as car transport as well as provision of economic, social welfare benefits to the community around. Transport hubs other than road means that have been seen over the years to dominate transport sector due to the good road network systems invested by the Australian Government there is investment done on rail, ship and of course air. Lake Macquarie Transport Interchange is likewise going to contribute to the social lives of the citizens of Glendale-Cardiff Area that is currently classified to be among the best super hub in the world. The interchange connects Glendale and Cardiff forming a transit that is to meet over the time transport needs of the dwellers of Lower Hunter. The easy accessibility nature of the interchange brought about by its strategic location nature to the Lake Macquarie and its environs is further going to be linked to the north-south rail line. Lake Macquarie Transport Interchange provides linkage to all modes of transport for purposes of enhancing economic levels and job opportunities. Cultural lifestyle of Lake Macquarie Community is nurtured by the civic opportunity spaces created by LMTI. This passenger transport interchange of Lake Macquarie facilitates drop off and pick up of passengers as they go to their day to day activities hence promoting inconveniences. Provision of car park bays by the interchange is also going to be of a great importance to the owners of Lake Macquarie City as well as to the city council of the city Council, (1998). Since Infrastructure is the key to economy development the need to invest on it is required. Australia has been at the forefront on this deeming it as key priority for development. This has been supported by the fact that weve numerus transport hubs all over the continent from transport system to environmental sustainability. Conservation of environment is further enhanced by regulating the emissions from vehicles as well as from greenhouse. LMTI is going to significantly impact the economic activities in Cardiff areas and Glendale upon completion. Its further expected to solve the current problem at Lake Macquarie of the frequent usage of private vehicles as a means of transport to other better efficient mode of transport. Generally LMTI is greatly going to create unimaginable railway and bus interchanges that links business and industrial center to the community around as well as reduction of traffic congestion in the city, improvement of pedestrians and cyclists bay hence reducing accidents. Great investments are expected in Glendale and Cardiff areas that will go hand in hand with creation of jobs as well as increase in economic activities, introduction of social amenities will like hospitals, schools, entertainments bazaars, tourism boosting and significantly improving peoples standard of living. Economically, socially and environmental wise great benefits resulting from the interchange of Lake Macquarie Transport is direly expected. This interchange will greatly provide solution to an efficient optional means of transport inclusiveness. The parties therefore should therefore be aware that interchange has both negative and positive impact on; Transport-whereby it eases and reduce traffic congestion as well as reduction of air pollution whereby vehicles arent spending most of their time in traffic with engines running, the parties involved both beneficiaries and non-beneficiaries should be aware of this positive impact of the interchange. It further provides quick access to good road network as it in seen North Western part of Australia whereby extensive mineral, agricultural and tourist development, needs were easily accessed to after construction of Mandurah Bridge in Northern Australia. Efficient movement of high traffic as well as the volumes of vehicles in urban sector contributes to development of infrastructures like recreation centers, industries, and social amenities in the city because of its easy accessibility nature. This greatly invites investors to come and invest their money hence help in the growth of the economy of the city. Economy in Sydney Australia has greatly improved over the years because of its financial strengths and market hence creating opportunities for investors. Most financial institution have invested in Sydney hence making it to be Asians best financial hub. Tourism has further contributed towards the growth of the economy whereby tourist visits Sydney to see man made features like Sydney Harbor Bridges that has great relation to the interchanges in Sydney. Sydney City has therefore rapidly developed as a result of the infrastructures features set in place interchanges greatly contributing to this as is seen in the images; However, traffic congestion reduction may fail to be achieved if there are no rules and regulation guarding access to intersecting highways that end up creating unfriendly and unsafe driving condition that creates disturbance on the freeway, therefore the body in charge of the transport should work on the aforesaid rule to safeguard freeways. Other road users the likes of the pedestrians, cyclists and runners may find it unsafe and uncomfortable to travel in the interchange therefore affecting their operations, hence the need to accommodate them may be through setting aside paths to be used by them or creation of foot bridges and tunnels to serve them. Planning Ideally to construct smooth interchange in an urban set up a need to plan is therefore required tasking designers, architects and engineers are to come up with landscape plan like the one used when constructing. Its achieved through implementation of policies and regulation framework set in place guarding construction of highway-road infrastructures like interchange. The need to seek approval from the sectors responsible for geology and environment is important in planning so as to provide assurance and compliance that the whole process is less harm to the environment both for fauna and flora just as witnessed in WestConnex whereby there was approval by the Minister of Planning to proceed with the construction. After ensuring compliance/approval of set regulations and framework in place the process is good to commence. However, its clear that its only through planning that; The land area for use in the construction of the interchange is set aside in a manner that There is no interference with the growth and development in the area. Factors that limits economic benefits to the community and that which put authorities In place under financial constraints are monitored and controlled effectively and progressively. Interchange urban planning dictates development to be set in place and the strategic location of the development as well. Planning involves different stake holders in this case it constitutes architects, engineers, city planners, inter change designers experts, financers of the project and that department of government that oversees and control the whole process. Its therefore clear that when interchange planning and plans involved in construction of the roads transport system are linked and synchronized towards the goal of provision of efficient transport services economic development benefits are attained. Failing to plan and improper planning creates unmanageable issues in the interchanges developments both after completion and before completion. The following are the repercussions of not planning while constructing interchange; Increase in traffic congestion Inadequate building setback Unplanned and excess number of access location. Incompatible multiple uses of land conflict whereby developments along an interchange constructed out of plan falls victim of noise and air pollution as well as traffic congestion. Urban Process Planning is a gradual current and long term processes that take place to achieve efficient maximum utilization of land, orderly development, provision of access by cyclists and pedestrians and finally upholding the standards of traffic carrying capacity ceilings. Interchange plan reality is achieved through zoning, access control and implementation of the set policy framework set in place guiding development of the interchange. Sydney is a city whereby motor vehicle is the common tool for transport and this was as result of good road network system especially as a result of the large number of interchanges that surround the city. Sydney citizens way of life has been made affordable because of the infrastructures available making Sydney to be classified as one of the best places to live in the world. Conclusively there is no now doubt that transport hubs significantly contributes to development both by infrastructure as well as economic wise. Australian citizens are the great beneficiaries of the interchanges constructed in respective places all over the country. This is well seen whereby yearly it doesnt miss people visiting the place because everything development wise and socially is in order. Mostly when there is growth in urban areas we like wise experience the same in its outskirts hence when interchanges are created in urban centers there is also the need to develop the same within the suburbs of the city and gradually going outside the city. This will assist interlink of infrastructures and transport system between urban to urban, urban to rural and finally rural to rural. When this is done development spreads across the country creating employment as well as boosting the economy of the state. Similarly equality and equity is witnessed among the provinces facilitating fair distribution of resources hence improving the standards of living of the communities around. Knowledge, skills, and abilities remain important for economic growth for a state. More fundamentally, the government in operations should always oversee the repair, maintenance of the transport interchanges by engaging the community voluntarily in the whole process of ensuring that the hubs are in a stable state i.e. if its the street lights they are in good order, if toilets they are clean and well maintained, if its drainage system its well maintained. This goes all the way to employing security personnel who will be ensuring that the facilities at the hub a re safe as well at the users of the Hub. 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