Analysis Of The Article Higher Ed - 950 Words

Summary The topic of the article â€Å"Higher Ed Begins to Unite Behind Common Core† that was written and publish in 2013 was suitable and fitting to the article, it shapes the body of the paper and also the overall conclusion. It explains why the author is writing the article and it also forms the layout of the complete article. The purpose of the article is to inform people about whether or not students are ready for college level education and how to better prepare students for meeting the academic requirements and education level that they should be before entering college. â€Å"According to the ACT’s recently released Condition of College and Career Readiness 2013, only 26% of all ACT-tested high school graduates met the College Readiness Benchmarks in English, Reading, Mathematics and Science in 2013† (Chan, 2014). Based on the information found in the article â€Å"Higher Ed Beings to Unite Behind Common Core,† the author Monnica Chan did not provide he r opinions as to what she thinks about whether or not high school graduates are ready for college, however, she has provided evidence with regards to why most students in 2013 was not prepare for a college education by giving the percentage of students who passed the ACT test and she also list quite a few education leaders who are supporting college and career-readiness for K-12 students. Preparing student for a college level education has become a number one priority in quite a few schools. I believe that parents and teachersShow MoreRelatedJournal Article Analysis Essay example1577 Words   |  7 PagesJournal Article Analysis tgkoontz University of Phoenix Abstract A Week 3 assignment in the class, PHL/717 Constructing Meaning, required a philosophical analysis of an article in the Journal of Psychology. 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Rudolf K. Sanders Christian Counseling Ethics A Handbook...

In Chapter 10 of Rudolph K. Sanders’ book, Christian Counseling Ethics: A Handbook for Psychologists, Therapists and Pastors, Mark Yarhouse, Jill Kays and Stanton Jones discuss the â€Å"sexual minority† as it pertains to the field of professional counseling. This group is defined as â€Å"individuals with same sex attractions or behavior, regardless of self-identification† (Sanders, et. al., 2013, p. 252). By looking at counseling the homosexual community through its etiology, standards by which a counselor should proceed with treatment, and the options a client has on deciding treatment options, we can be better prepared as Christian counselors to be better prepared in serving the needs of others. Summarize The idea of being competent is vital†¦show more content†¦al., 2013, p. 253). With treatments such as â€Å"professional therapy and paraprofessional/religious ministry contexts†, Sanders and his colleagues report that thirty percent of those who participated in this form of therapy achieved â€Å"positive outcomes† (2013, p. 255). Although critics to changing one’s sexual orientation claim that there are many factors that limit the support of the research proving the success of this treatment option, Sanders states that there is data supporting successful conversions (2013, p. 255). A counselor’s primary goal is to have integrity, while also having the client’s well-being as a priority. While competency is the most important factor in professional counseling, a level of trust needs to be met between the client and the counselor. When a client has full confidence that the counselor will maintain confidentiality, the counselor’s integrity has been established and the client can being to open up more to the counselor, establishing better tools for increasing mental health (Sanders, et. al., 2013, p. 263). Sexual identity therapy is also a potential means of. The client has every right to choose whether or not they receive the treatment that they are recommended by a counselor. By providing the client with any information that can contribute to them making an informed decision on their treatment plan, we can be sure that we have

Adult Development Analysis Free Essays

string(92) " not violate any of her parents’ rules because her strict mother would surely punish her\." Lamis came from a family that originated from the country of Pakistan. She has a big family–her mother, father, fiver brothers, and two sisters–and they all give importance to the values, culture and behaviors inculcated into their minds by their parents. She expressed how blessed she was to be in a family that treasures love, respect, integrity, and life. We will write a custom essay sample on Adult Development Analysis or any similar topic only for you Order Now Lamis life was indeed very challenging because she grew up amidst various complexities in life. When she was a little child, she was always confused as to whose directions should she follow because she has parents who are entirely two different individuals. Her mother is someone who loves to be with people so much. She likes socializing with people and undertaking activities with them because such experience gives her certain pleasure and enjoyment that she does not find in any other places. Her father, on the other hand, is the exact opposite of her mother. He does not like the idea of being with people. He is more comfortable being alone in his own place, perhaps because her father is a very private person. He keeps a lot of things in his mind and usually do not share most of those things to her mother. Furthermore, her father is very pragmatic and he is open-minded that he understands the contemporary things they do in their lives even if those are sometimes against his beliefs. On the contrary, her mother does not want them to do things on their own. She is very strict in terms of the things they undertake. She wants them to always obey her because she believes that she knows what is best for her children. The contradictions demonstrated by Lamis’ parents made her initially a very confused individual. It affected the development of her morality. She told me she loves both of her parents so she was usually torn between whether to follow her father or her mother. She eventually learned to balance the characters of her parents and somehow managed to grasp the positivity of their differing individualities and created a whole set of values, behaviors, and beliefs that influenced her moral development. Lawrence Kohlberg, a theorist who proposed the concept of moral development, conceived that individuals continue through each stage of moral development consecutively without skipping or returning to a previous stage. According to him, the stages of processing ideas, implying qualitatively, various ways of reasoning, and of problem solving are incorporated in the three levels of pre-conventional, conventional and post conventional development (Hayes, 1994). The pre-conventional level of Kohlberg’s moral development theory communicated that behavior is motivated by anticipation of pleasure or pain (Hayes, 1994). The child is aware of cultural rules and labels of good or bad and right or wrong. The subject then interprets the labels in terms of the physical consequence, such as punishment or reward. This was true in Lamis’ family particularly with how her parents raised them. Her mother, in particular, would always want them to help each other and to do things in accordance with her will because she was so strict during those times. She would not allow them to play outside the house if any of them disobey her. Also, she wanted them to always study hard and incessantly reminded them the importance of education in their life. Hence, she would keep their toys and other sources of entertainment like television if they do not review their lessons at least two hours everyday. Her father, on the other hand, would reward them for every good things they do like cleaning the house, fixing their bedrooms, and studying their lessons. He would buy them special cookies or their favorite chocolates every good grade they get from school. Going back to Kohlberg’s moral development theory, the first level, pre-conventional, of moral thinking is generally found at the elementary school level, before the age of nine (Kay, 1982). This level is divided into the following two stages. The punishment and obedience orientation. This is observed in children ages one to five. The subject is in avoidance of physical punishment and deference to power. The child behaves according to the socially acceptable norms, due to the fear of punishment by an authority figure. The physical aftermaths of an action ascertain its goodness or badness. â€Å"What is right is to avoid breaking rules, to obey for obedience’s sake, and to avoid doing physical damage to people and property† (as cited in Wart, 1998, p. 36). Furthermore, an individual at this stage does not consider the thoughts or feelings of others, nor are they able to relate two points of view. As in Piaget’s framework, ego-centrism and the inability to consider the perspectives of others characterize the reasoning of stage one (Piaget, 2003). The individual instrumental purpose and exchange orientation. Subjects usually between the ages of 5 to 10 are observed maintaining the attributes of being â€Å"self-serving.† This stage is â€Å"characterized by a view that right behavior means acting in one’s own best interest and occasionally taking into consideration the needs of others† (Penn State Engineering, 2006). There is an early emergence of moral reciprocity. â€Å"You scratch my back, I’ll scratch yours.† The individual will do what is necessary to satisfy his own needs not concentrating on loyalty or gratitude. Justice becomes â€Å"Do unto others as they do unto you.† What is right is the immediate interest in the form of an equal exchange, deal or agreement. A subject at this stage of moral development has a basic understanding that norms and conventions are necessary to uphold society. The motto of this stage is â€Å"What’s in it for me?† Elements of sharing are present but are interpreted in a physical pragmatic way (Hayes, 1994). When Lamis was a little kid, she told me she really did not care so much about the feelings of other people like her siblings and playmates. What was important for her was to play and made sure that she did not violate any of her parents’ rules because her strict mother would surely punish her. You read "Adult Development Analysis" in category "Papers" Lamis was so young then that she actually did not understand everything her mother told her but she did acknowledge the fact that her mother would not be happy if she does something wrong. Until Lamis learned to care about other people and realize the importance of doing good things to others. Her father played an important part in making her understand the essentiality of recognizing the welfare of other individuals in order for those people to do the same good things to her. Lamis’ early learning experiences were fundamentally influenced by her family. She told me during the interview that she did not go to school early, unlike other children, because she had asthma. She only started to go to school when she was eight years old. Apart from the fact that she had asthma, her parents were scared to leave Lamis in school at a very early age. Such action, according to her, was perhaps due to the conservatism in their culture. Yet, her father never forgot to tell her good things about going to school and learning new things from a teacher. Lamis’ father would always narrate his positive experiences he acquired from school and things that education allowed him to do. Hence, Lamis became really interested in going to school and in fact, became one of the best students when she started her formal education. Furthermore, Lamis was very thankful to her mother being extrovert. Although she was not allowed to go to school at an early age, her mother would always bring her whenever her mother would socialize with her friends and this was perhaps where she learned most of her social skills, where, according to Kohlberg and Piaget, most moral development occurs along with aging process (Duska Whelan, 1975). When Lamis started her first formal education in Saudi Arabia, she admitted to me that she had complicated experiences the first time basically because she found it very challenging to assimilate to the culture of her school considering that her native culture was very different from the school culture in so many ways. On top of this, she did not know the English language that made it more difficult for her to interact with and understand her classmates. She shared to me one experience and this happened during the school opening. She came to school with short hair and most of her classmates were making fun of her. Since she did not understand the language, she did not get affected and instead maintained her good values and behaviors that her parents inculcated into her mind. Lamis further shared to me some of her strengths when she was a student. She told me she was that kind of student who leads and influences other students. She never got intimidated by the presence of her classmates. In fact, she was the class leader and she was the one assigned to do the morning news and introduction at school. She was capable of handling the entire class and her teacher actually entrusted to her the class whenever the teacher leaves. She took responsibilities very well. Such behaviors gave her good grades in school for 12 years. During this part of the interview, I was able to trace where these positive and strong attitudes and behaviors came from. I believe her being strong, socially interactive, intelligent, independent, and creative was due to the trainings provided by her parents when she was a little kid. As mentioned earlier, Lamis was introduced to the notion of reward and punishment system when she was young. Her strict mother would always ask her to study and do things accordingly; otherwise a corresponding punishment would be executed. The interview moreover reveals that Lamis’ life is heavily influenced by her many personal encounters with an array of people of equally diverging personality types. Which is why, Erik Erikson’s psychosocial theory appears to be a very good choice to help further elucidate Lamis’ unique learning tendencies and personality traits. Erikson’s model, if only to mention, puts higher premium than most on exploring the environmental influences of a person as one grows up. In other words, it â€Å"considers the impact of external factors, parents and society on personality development from childhood to adulthood† (Learning Theories, 2007). According to Erik Erikson, each person needs to undergo eight major life-defining stages over the period of their given life spans. And these stages, on a careful analysis, have two chief characteristics. First, these interrelated life stages – infancy, toddler-hood, school-age, adolescence, early and mid and late-adulthood – are differentiated not by the traditional approach involving the use of chronologically-based age ordering system. Put in other words, Erikson’s model does not rely on the age of the person in solely evaluating his or her psychological development. Instead, Erikson conceives of these life stages always view of the growth and development of a person achieves relative to his or her age. Critical to his notion of psychosocial theory of personality development is the areas of growth that come with each life stage. Second, every life stage consists in â€Å"a developmental task that confronts individuals with crisis† (Satrock, 2006, p. 71). Erikson’s model maintains that a person needs to find a resourceful way to successfully hurdle the respective crises each life stage brings him or her. If a person resolves a crisis, it serves his growth process well. If a person is unable figure a resolution for it, chances are, it stalls the development of his or her growth and well being. Crises, in needs to argued, are life-defining moments. And as such, it promises not only an ugly catastrophe for a person, but an â€Å"enhanced potential† of a healthy psychological life as well (p. 71). During infancy, Erikson believes that a person needs to resolve fundamental trusts issues. This is achieved when a child is adequately nurtured; i.e., if the immediate environment – the mother, father and siblings, among others – responds well to his or her needs. If a child did not establish a basic sense of security from the family, it can result to an unfortunate retardation of his capacity to trust the larger world later on. Stage two meanwhile pertains to the struggle of a toddler to establish his will. During this stage, a child is able to learn many new things and is beginning to learn what is right from wrong. Depending on the way a person is nurtured at this particular stage, a child can either end up having a strong sense of autonomy or shame. The next phase is the preschooler stage – a time, as it were, to indulge in childhood curiosity. When properly affirmed, a child can develop a good sense of initiative. When constantly rebuked, a child is expected to develop a gripping sense of guilt. According to Erikson, the immediate family of a child plays a very crucial role in the development or the retardation of children undergoing these three initial stages. In many ways, the importance Erikson places on the role of the family makes his theory wholly distinct from the more inclination-indulging theory of S. Freud (Erikson, 1964, p. 9) Stage four meanwhile concerns the school phase of a child. During these years, a child needs to be empowered to develop his or her competence and self-esteem. At this stage too, a child can either develop a sense of industry or inferiority depending on the manner by which he or she successfully handles the pressures of peer and studies. The next phase is the adolescence stage. At this point, the influence of the family, especially the parents, start to diminish. Everyone’s chief concern at this stage is to establish fidelity in one’s personal affiliation, belongingness, or even relationships. Moreover, a person can either end up establishing a strong sense of who he or she is, or wound up under-developing his or her identity in a crisis marked by severe confusion. Stages six to eight pertains to a person in his or her adulthood. In particular, stage six, or the early adulthood stage, underscores a person’s struggle for love. Since this is the stage proper to establishing relationships, a person can either nurture intimacy or fall apart because of isolation. Stages seven and eight are phases that involve a person’s quest for generativity and integrity. When undermined, a person can sorely wound up into a stage of extreme wallowing and despair (Learning Theories, 2007; Satrock, 2006, pp 71-72). Using Erik Erikson’s theory to evaluate Lamis, the following observations can be noted: First, it can be said that Lamis’ authoritative comportment and unmistakable confidence take root from a successful resolution of her life’s first stage. Lamis’s early life was marked by healthy interaction with her family members. And because each person takes on the â€Å"capital† of gaining something from one’s family of origin (Wartofsky, 1986, p. 113), it can be argued that Lamis’ was able to gain the all important aspect of familial love in her life. Lamis admits belonging to a family that places much regard on care, love and nurturance. Moreover, her being born into a large family turned out to be an advantage for her as well, since her basic need to be nurtured and taken care of as an infant was addressed. This is perhaps the most fundamental reason why Lamis was to develop a strong sense of security as an adult; as indeed, this factor too may help explain why she looks at the world brimming with confidence, optimism and pride. Next, one can also note that Lamis’ is herself quite clued-up with the fact that most of what she believes in and holds on in life stem from the unique manner by which she was nurtured. For instance, Lamis claims that early on in life, she already manifested a certain strain of stoicism towards feelings on account of a very strong sense of rules and punishment-reinforcements. For someone who was just beginning to explore the world, it seems pretty obvious that Lamis developed a sense of autonomy defined by how successful she was able to play by the rules. Her desire to avoid being punished and suffer the shame of being reprimanded by her otherwise rigorous mother was controlling motive for this. As such, this is a classic case of autonomy vs. shame struggle manifested by toddlers. In the process, what emerged from her struggle to obey was a person who has a specific leaning towards obedience and a knack on leadership that influences other people to obey as well. Lastly, it has to be mentioned as well that Lamis’ school age is also marked by a successful overcoming of inferiority and low self esteem crises. During the interview, Lamis revealed that her initial contact with the school environment turned out rather unpleasant; as indeed, she had to adjust into the school system rather quickly (since she did not have any schooling prior to her entrance at the age of eight), and put up with incessant teasing of her classmates. But because she was nurtured by a family that cared and supported her, she was able to overcome her school-age crises. In the process, she developed her sense of initiative and industry. This is perhaps seen most glaringly in the healthy and motivated way by which she views her efforts to succeed well in her studies even until the present. To briefly conclude, this paper ends with a thought that, indeed, Erik Erikson’s psychosocial theory is able to provide a window for us to look at Lamis’ belief system, behavioral uniqueness and personal worldviews within the larger context of her past experiences. Lamis is indeed a person shaped by the interactions she has had in her lifetime. It is imperative to note that in the years to come, she is to encounter more life defining crises; this time about issues pertinent to adulthood. But what stands out for the meantime is her triumphant emergence from the three identified crises she has thus far encountered. After using Erikson’s theory, we were able to affirm that Lamis’ being able to establish a healthy sense of confidence as an infant, autonomy as toddler, and initiative and industry as a school-age child, surely did serve her well. Bibliography Duska, R. Whelan, M. (1975). Moral development: A guide to Piaget and Kohlberg. New Jersey: Paulist Press. Erikson, E. (1964). Insight and Responsibility. Lectures on the Ethical Implications of   Ã‚   Psychoanalytic Insight. New York: Norton and Company. Hayes, R. L. (1994). The legacy of Lawrence Kohlberg: Implications for counseling and human development. Journal of Counseling Development, 72(3), pp. 261-267. Kay, S. R. (1982). Kohlberg’s theory of moral development: Critical analysis of validation studies with the defining issues test. International Journal of Psychology, 17(1), pp. 27-43. Learning Theories Knowledgebase (2008). â€Å"Erikson’s Stages of Development†. Retrieved 28   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   July 2008, from http://www.learning-theories.com/eriksons-stages-of-   development.html Penn State Engineering. (2006). Ethical decision making processes. Retrieved June 24, 2008, from http://www.vanderbilt.edu/CenterforEthics/Descriptions-More%20Info/Resource%20Pages%20for%20Ethics%20Workshop%20-%202006.pdf. Piaget, J. (2003). Part I: Cognitive development in children – Piaget development and learning. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 40(1), pp. 8-18. Satrock, J. (2006). Educational Psychology. New York, McGraw Hill, Inc. Wart, M. V. (1998). Changing public sector values: Montgomery Van Wart. Taylor Francis. How to cite Adult Development Analysis, Papers

City Planning City Building Infrastructure

Question: Write about theCity Planningfor City Building Infrastructure. Answer: Transport interchange is a designated designed area/place that facilitates the exchange of cargo and passengers between available means of transport the likes of vehicles, train, ships, aero plane among others. The interchange is mostly referred to as transport hub that includes bus stops, airports, ferries, and harbor and railway stations. Interchange creates opportunities for growth and development especially in transport sector that greatly contribute to positive growth in the economy. Most developed countries the likes of United Kingdom, United State Of America, Australia, Japan, China among others have witnessed the benefits associated with interchange terminal especially in urban set ups. Transport interchange in urban centers shapes peoples way of life through quick access to use of their land for economical purposes hence illustrating the interlink impact of transport system in metropolitan form. Its therefore not possible to separate transport interchange with the urban form basically because they mutually interrelate. However, transport interchange must always meet the required technical threshold capacity of operation so as to adequately serve the users efficiently. Interchange designing involves provision of architectural and engineering services in re-creation of transport hubs on the land and above sea as is being illustrated during construction of the Lake Macquerie Transport Interchange in West Australia where architects involved are skilled and experienced. An interchange should function smoothly for road operators the likes of pedestrians, self - propelling machines among other transport operators. Interchange construction involves parties with different expertise skills like architects, engineers, city planners, inter change designers experts, financers of the project and its operations. In Australia we have interchanges constructed to ease vehicle congestion in the just normal usable roads the like the one along Ryde Road whereby due to the high number of road users dropping off and picking up of passengers by the public vehicles used to create traffic since there were no transport interchanges along Ryde Road. Interchanges have greatly contributed to the growth of cities in Australia both economically and infrastructural. The City of Lake Macquarie and its suburbs is expected to growth better as the plan of constructing The Lake Macquarie Transport Interchange (LMTI) is underway. It will clearly illustrates how interchanges have impacted positively to development of cities in Australia. Lake Macquarie Transport Interchange is an expected important infrastructure in New South Wales whereby it will facilitate reliability in transport system through minimization of usage of vehicle as car transport as well as provision of economic, social welfare benefits to the community around. Transport hubs other than road means that have been seen over the years to dominate transport sector due to the good road network systems invested by the Australian Government there is investment done on rail, ship and of course air. Lake Macquarie Transport Interchange is likewise going to contribute to the social lives of the citizens of Glendale-Cardiff Area that is currently classified to be among the best super hub in the world. The interchange connects Glendale and Cardiff forming a transit that is to meet over the time transport needs of the dwellers of Lower Hunter. The easy accessibility nature of the interchange brought about by its strategic location nature to the Lake Macquarie and its environs is further going to be linked to the north-south rail line. Lake Macquarie Transport Interchange provides linkage to all modes of transport for purposes of enhancing economic levels and job opportunities. Cultural lifestyle of Lake Macquarie Community is nurtured by the civic opportunity spaces created by LMTI. This passenger transport interchange of Lake Macquarie facilitates drop off and pick up of passengers as they go to their day to day activities hence promoting inconveniences. Provision of car park bays by the interchange is also going to be of a great importance to the owners of Lake Macquarie City as well as to the city council of the city Council, (1998). Since Infrastructure is the key to economy development the need to invest on it is required. Australia has been at the forefront on this deeming it as key priority for development. This has been supported by the fact that weve numerus transport hubs all over the continent from transport system to environmental sustainability. Conservation of environment is further enhanced by regulating the emissions from vehicles as well as from greenhouse. LMTI is going to significantly impact the economic activities in Cardiff areas and Glendale upon completion. Its further expected to solve the current problem at Lake Macquarie of the frequent usage of private vehicles as a means of transport to other better efficient mode of transport. Generally LMTI is greatly going to create unimaginable railway and bus interchanges that links business and industrial center to the community around as well as reduction of traffic congestion in the city, improvement of pedestrians and cyclists bay hence reducing accidents. Great investments are expected in Glendale and Cardiff areas that will go hand in hand with creation of jobs as well as increase in economic activities, introduction of social amenities will like hospitals, schools, entertainments bazaars, tourism boosting and significantly improving peoples standard of living. Economically, socially and environmental wise great benefits resulting from the interchange of Lake Macquarie Transport is direly expected. This interchange will greatly provide solution to an efficient optional means of transport inclusiveness. The parties therefore should therefore be aware that interchange has both negative and positive impact on; Transport-whereby it eases and reduce traffic congestion as well as reduction of air pollution whereby vehicles arent spending most of their time in traffic with engines running, the parties involved both beneficiaries and non-beneficiaries should be aware of this positive impact of the interchange. It further provides quick access to good road network as it in seen North Western part of Australia whereby extensive mineral, agricultural and tourist development, needs were easily accessed to after construction of Mandurah Bridge in Northern Australia. Efficient movement of high traffic as well as the volumes of vehicles in urban sector contributes to development of infrastructures like recreation centers, industries, and social amenities in the city because of its easy accessibility nature. This greatly invites investors to come and invest their money hence help in the growth of the economy of the city. Economy in Sydney Australia has greatly improved over the years because of its financial strengths and market hence creating opportunities for investors. Most financial institution have invested in Sydney hence making it to be Asians best financial hub. Tourism has further contributed towards the growth of the economy whereby tourist visits Sydney to see man made features like Sydney Harbor Bridges that has great relation to the interchanges in Sydney. Sydney City has therefore rapidly developed as a result of the infrastructures features set in place interchanges greatly contributing to this as is seen in the images; However, traffic congestion reduction may fail to be achieved if there are no rules and regulation guarding access to intersecting highways that end up creating unfriendly and unsafe driving condition that creates disturbance on the freeway, therefore the body in charge of the transport should work on the aforesaid rule to safeguard freeways. Other road users the likes of the pedestrians, cyclists and runners may find it unsafe and uncomfortable to travel in the interchange therefore affecting their operations, hence the need to accommodate them may be through setting aside paths to be used by them or creation of foot bridges and tunnels to serve them. Planning Ideally to construct smooth interchange in an urban set up a need to plan is therefore required tasking designers, architects and engineers are to come up with landscape plan like the one used when constructing. Its achieved through implementation of policies and regulation framework set in place guarding construction of highway-road infrastructures like interchange. The need to seek approval from the sectors responsible for geology and environment is important in planning so as to provide assurance and compliance that the whole process is less harm to the environment both for fauna and flora just as witnessed in WestConnex whereby there was approval by the Minister of Planning to proceed with the construction. After ensuring compliance/approval of set regulations and framework in place the process is good to commence. However, its clear that its only through planning that; The land area for use in the construction of the interchange is set aside in a manner that There is no interference with the growth and development in the area. Factors that limits economic benefits to the community and that which put authorities In place under financial constraints are monitored and controlled effectively and progressively. Interchange urban planning dictates development to be set in place and the strategic location of the development as well. Planning involves different stake holders in this case it constitutes architects, engineers, city planners, inter change designers experts, financers of the project and that department of government that oversees and control the whole process. Its therefore clear that when interchange planning and plans involved in construction of the roads transport system are linked and synchronized towards the goal of provision of efficient transport services economic development benefits are attained. Failing to plan and improper planning creates unmanageable issues in the interchanges developments both after completion and before completion. The following are the repercussions of not planning while constructing interchange; Increase in traffic congestion Inadequate building setback Unplanned and excess number of access location. Incompatible multiple uses of land conflict whereby developments along an interchange constructed out of plan falls victim of noise and air pollution as well as traffic congestion. Urban Process Planning is a gradual current and long term processes that take place to achieve efficient maximum utilization of land, orderly development, provision of access by cyclists and pedestrians and finally upholding the standards of traffic carrying capacity ceilings. Interchange plan reality is achieved through zoning, access control and implementation of the set policy framework set in place guiding development of the interchange. Sydney is a city whereby motor vehicle is the common tool for transport and this was as result of good road network system especially as a result of the large number of interchanges that surround the city. Sydney citizens way of life has been made affordable because of the infrastructures available making Sydney to be classified as one of the best places to live in the world. Conclusively there is no now doubt that transport hubs significantly contributes to development both by infrastructure as well as economic wise. Australian citizens are the great beneficiaries of the interchanges constructed in respective places all over the country. This is well seen whereby yearly it doesnt miss people visiting the place because everything development wise and socially is in order. Mostly when there is growth in urban areas we like wise experience the same in its outskirts hence when interchanges are created in urban centers there is also the need to develop the same within the suburbs of the city and gradually going outside the city. This will assist interlink of infrastructures and transport system between urban to urban, urban to rural and finally rural to rural. When this is done development spreads across the country creating employment as well as boosting the economy of the state. Similarly equality and equity is witnessed among the provinces facilitating fair distribution of resources hence improving the standards of living of the communities around. Knowledge, skills, and abilities remain important for economic growth for a state. More fundamentally, the government in operations should always oversee the repair, maintenance of the transport interchanges by engaging the community voluntarily in the whole process of ensuring that the hubs are in a stable state i.e. if its the street lights they are in good order, if toilets they are clean and well maintained, if its drainage system its well maintained. This goes all the way to employing security personnel who will be ensuring that the facilities at the hub a re safe as well at the users of the Hub. Its through this act that full sense of ownership is felt by all parties hence working towards its improvement and upgrading it. Transport hubs has proved to be dynamic in the sense that it improves standard of livings as well the economy a city. References Stokes, G., 1994. The role of public transport interchange in improving public transport. In public transport planning and operations. Proceedings of seminar e held at the 22nd ptrc european transport forum, university of warwick, england, september 12-16, 1994. Volume Duc, E., Dick, H., Bohlsen, T., Squires, A., Christie, S. and Stewart, D., 2011. Hunter Public Transport Inquiry-the role of the professional. In Sustaining Our Regions: The Engineering Challenge: Proceedings of the 2011 Regional Convention, Newcastle Division, Engineers AustraliaHeld at University of New England, Armidale, NSW 16th-18th September 2011 (p. 35). Engineers Australia. Ghaderi, H., Cahoon, S. and Nguyen, H.O., 2015. An investigation into the non-bulk rail freight transport in Australia. The Asian Journal of Shipping and Logistics, 31(1), pp.59-83. Rauscher, R.C. and Momtaz, S., 2017. Planning in Greater SydneyParramatta City Case Study. In Cities in Global Transition (pp. 179-198). Springer International Publishing. Arndt, O., Cox, R., Lennie, S. and Whitehead, M., 2011. Provision of sight distance around concrete barriers and structures on freeways and interchanges. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, (2262), pp.22-30. Walker, D.H. and Shen, Y.J., 2002. Project understanding, planning, flexibility of management action and construction time performance: two Australian case studies. Construction Management Economics, 20(1), pp.31-44. Hensher, D.A., 1998. The imbalance between car and public transport use in urban Australia: why does it exist?. Transport Policy, 5(4), pp.193-204. Council, L.M.C., 1998. Lake Macquarie Flood Study Part 1Design Lake Water Levels and Wave Climate Report. Manly Hydraulics Laboratory, Report MHL, 682. Siemiatycki, M., 2006. Message in a metro: building urban rail infrastructure and image in Delhi, India. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 30(2), pp.277-292. Kasarda, J.D. and Rondinelli, D.A., 1998. Innovative infrastructure for agile manufacturers. Sloan management review, 39(2), p.73. Bunker, R. and Troy, L., 2015. The changing political economy of the compact city and higher density urban renewal in Sydney. Feng, F.Y. and Murillo, J.A., 2000. Design and Construction of the I-15/US 95 Interchange, Stage 2. Concrete International, 22(6), pp.19-25. Garry Mason, B.E., BAppSC, M. and Craig Wooldridge Dip CEng, F.A.I.T.P.M., 2013. Coping with the boom: transport strategies for Perth, Australia. Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers, 166(5), p.36. Mees, P. and Dodson, J., 2011. Public Transport Network Planning in Australia: Assessing current practice in Australias five largest cities. Research paper, 34. Balcombe, R., Mackett, R., Paulley, N., Preston, J., Shires, J., Titheridge, H., Wardman, M. and White, P., 2004. The demand for public transport: a practical guide. Ruming, K., Mee, K. and McGuirk, P., 2016. 3 Planned derailment for new urban futures?. Actor Networks of Planning: Exploring the Influence of Actor Network Theory, p.44. Lee, S.W., Song, D.W. and Ducruet, C., 2008. A tale of Asias world ports: the spatial evolution in global hub port cities. Geoforum, 39(1), pp.372-385.

Child Adoption In England And Finland Social Policy Essay Essay Example

Child Adoption In England And Finland Social Policy Essay Essay This essay attempts to light the differences and similarities in issues related to child acceptance in England and Finland while offering an scrutiny into the contexts in which societal workers and associated professionals have to work. While both England and Finland are provinces within the European Union ( EU ) , they demonstrate distinguishable and differing attacks to the acceptance of kids. In Finland along with other states in Scandinavia, kid acceptance and the lasting transportation of parental rights is less of a cardinal a concern, or worry than presently so in England where kid acceptance is featured conspicuously across a scope of professional, political and popular discourses. In footings of societal work pattern the engagement of kids and households, coupled with certain factors of the acceptance procedure have been handled in a clearly different manner between the two states. This can be seen where in Finland grownup adoptees were allowed to derive entree to records si ng their acceptance or their birth parents far earlier than their English opposite numbers where this was non allowable until much subsequently earlier through the Children Act 1975 ( Triseliotis, 1973, p. 1 ) . We will write a custom essay sample on Child Adoption In England And Finland Social Policy Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Child Adoption In England And Finland Social Policy Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Child Adoption In England And Finland Social Policy Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Harmonizing to Lowe ( 2000 ) in the late-nineteenth century efforts were made to present acceptance, but it was non until 1927, subsequent to the Adoption of Children Act 1926, that child acceptance became lawfully recognised in England. Since so many factors including ; studies, statute law and instance jurisprudence have all had an impact, this has resulted in refined policy and alterations in societal work pattern. More late media attending has illustrated societal workers alleged defects in relation to child acceptance procedures. In recent old ages, acceptance policy has been influenced by a figure of socio-cultural and political factors. During the Conservative authorities of the 1990s politicians and policy shapers made efforts inefficaciously to reconstitute what were viewed as unsatisfactory acceptance processs ( see PIU, 2000, p. 31 ) . These services were impaired because societal workers were driven by political rightness ( Hopton, 1997 ) . The white paper Adoption: The Future was published In November 1993, stand foring a common sense attack to acceptance ( Department of Health, 1993 ) . In 1996, the DoH published a Draft Bill with an accent placed on child acceptance as an option to individual parentage during the audience period. The Bill failed to come on any farther due to the General Election in May 1997. With a alteration in authorities, the so Prime Minister s ( Tony Blair ) Review of Adoption was published in 2000 ( PIU, 2000 ) . Followed by a White Paper, Adoption: A New Approach ( Departme nt of Health, 2000 ) , which was followed by the publication of the Adoption and Children Bill in 2001. The Bill failed to happen due to the General Election subsequently in the same twelvemonth. It was nevertheless re-introduced in October 2001 and the Adoption and Children Act received royal acquiescence in November 2002. The first Adoption of Children Act in Finland was in 1925, a twelvemonth earlier than the English equivalent. The present Finnish Adoption Act stems from 1985 followed by an extra Adoption opinion in 1997 which dealt specifically with acceptance guidance and inter-country acceptances. Specific to Finnish acceptance system is the function of Save the Children originally created in 1945 following the meeting of two old administrations ( Homes for Homeless Children which were practising acceptance since 1922 and Save Finland s Children, which was set up after the Second World War in an effort to assist orphaned kids ) . This administration is now portion of the International Save the Children. Salvage the Children has had an influential place as a supplier of acceptance services in Finland. In add-on to civic public assistance organic structures, Save the Children is still the lone private kid public assistance administration in Finland licensed to supply acceptance guidance ( Pylkkanen 1995 ) In Finland, acceptances have dramatically changed during the last 30 old ages, in 1970, 243 Finnish kids were adopted through Save the Children . Over the last few old ages this has decreased to less than 50. Partially as abortion became more freely available following the Abortion Act of 1970 ; the figure of unplanned kids born to immature individual female parents fell. ( Garrett, 2003 p.21 ) . England excessively has seen a lessening in acceptances, ( PIU, 2000, p.10 ) This may be attributed to the rise in usage of the preventive pill and the credence of individual female parents. Harmonizing to Lowe ( 2000 ) The largest diminution is in regard of babes ( kids under the age of 12 months ) put up for acceptance ; in 1968, 12,641 babes were adopted ( 51 % of all acceptances ) , but merely 195 babes were adopted in 1998 ( merely 4 % of all acceptances ) Harmonizing to Bennett ( 2009 ) Merely 4,637 kids were adopted in 2007, the lowest figure since 1999. In both provinces, acceptance is far more likely to affect kids in public care-or looked after kids ( In England under the Children Act 1989 ) who are older, are child protection concerns, or have disablements ( DoH, 1998 ) . This is in portion due to the fact that there are really few healthy babes available for acceptance. In England there are about 60,000 kids looked after . ( Department for Children, Schools and Families ( DCSF ) , 2007 ) . 62 % of these kids were removed, on a mandatory footing, from their household. Approximately 1 % of all kids under 18 old ages live in Foster attention, with approximately 48 % in household Foster attention, 40 % are in children s places , and the staying 12 % in new formats of household professional attention ( Kalland A ; Sinkkonen, 2001 ) . In July of this twelvemonth these statistics were even worse harmonizing to beginnings obtained by Bennett ( 2009 ) who claimed that this figure was now about three quarters of all acceptances, sh e agrees with the concluding behind the remotion of kids form their households saying The addition in intoxicant and drug maltreatment among parents is besides a turning factor in attention proceedings, with parents frequently being given several opportunities to interrupt their wont before kids are removed. It may perchance be argued that many of those kids in long-run arrangements should and likely could be adopted, but this is non the overruling position of Finnish society, so the dominant position is that of household saving. Several subscribers portion the sentiment that kids s best involvements are met when every attempt is made to maintain the household together. If surrogate attention is needed, it should ever be of limited continuance ( Garrett, 2003 ) . These positions echo FOX HARDING CHECK WHICH PERSPECTIVE AND MENTION Many of these Finnish kids in long-run Foster attention could hold been adopted if they lived in England. Obviously, foster attention makes it possible for kids to maintain some contact with their birth household. Unfortunately, this is non ever advantageous for the kid because of the terrible troubles including both psychological and behavioural of some parents ( Quinton et al. , 1997 ) . The arrangement faces the hazard of dislocation where the birth parents have sufficiently dealt or recovered from their troubles, and desire to be a complete household with the return of their kid. This may be successful, but may besides be ephemeral ensuing in eternal short-run arrangements. This will hold an inauspicious consequence destructing the kid s ability to organize any meaningful fond regards in maturity. Adoption would offer the kid an chance to organize a stable relationship but this would cut the connexions with the birth household. In Finland acceptance against the will of the natura l parents is far from the norm. As a consequence, there are really few contested acceptances. Harmonizing to the Finnish Adoption Act, the consent of both biological parents is needed before the acceptance can take topographic point. It should be noted that there are two exclusions to this ; foremost, acceptance can be granted if it is believed that the acceptance is decidedly in the best involvements of the kid and the refusal of consent of the parents is non appropriately justified, secondly, the parents can non logically show their will due to illness or disablement, or if their whereabouts are unknown. Additionally the female parent s consent is merely accepted after she has recovered from the birth ( no earlier than eight hebdomads ) . In Finland the feelings and desires of the kid are taken into history, this is harmonizing to the age and degree of adulthood. If the kid is 12 or older, their sentiments must be taken into history. In recent old ages England has evolved a grade of openness in the acceptance procedure ( DoH, 1999, Ch. 5 ) . This is because traditionally in England, the acceptance of kids resulted in the cutting off of the relationship with the birth female parent and birth household. The developments in this country have been provoked through professionals whose sentiment that openness is of import for the mental wellness and identity demands of adoptees ( Kirton, 2000, p. 108 ) . The ability for English adoptees and their household to derive entree to records is comparatively recent, in fact every bit recent as 1973 Scotland and Finland were the lone states in the Western universe where an adopted individual could obtain information from official records that could assist them follow their original parents Triseliotis ( 1973, p. 1 ) . The move off from high degrees of secretiveness can besides be attributed to adoptees who wanted to happen birth relations ( Campbell et al. , 1991 ) , birth female parents besides campaigned for larger degrees of openness in acceptance in England ( Logan, 1996 ) . These actions coupled with the Natural Parents Support Group , an administration of birth female parents, who lobbied the UK parliament for a public enquiry into the unfairnesss which occurred through the mass acceptance in the 1950s and 1960s ( Rickford, 2000, Fink, 2000 ) . The Children Act 1975 gave adopted people over the age of 18 old ages the right to use for entree to their original birth certifications. The recent openness has enabled in some cases, contact agreements between the kid and birth household after the acceptance has taken topographic point ( Lowe, 2000, p. 326-329 ) . The Adoption Act 1976 amended by the Children Act 1989, made it compulsory for the Registrar General to put up an Adoption Contact Register in an effort to do it possible for adoptive people to reach their birth parents and other birth relations. It the sentiment of Hughes A ; Logan ( 19 95 ) that these steps are in portion due to the increasing consciousness of the importance of post-adoption services. The position in Finland nevertheless has been far more unfastened so ; Salvage the Children has mediated between the adopted kid and biological parents since the 1960s. It should be mentioned that big proportions of adoptive people in Finland still do non wish to seek contact with their original households, normally those that felt letdown about being adopted inn the first case ( Garrett 2003 ) . This all means that while the recent thrust toward acceptance being more open is evidently of import, it must be recognised that openness is non simple or straightforward. Kalland et Al. ( 2001 ) shows that mortality rates in Finland for both sexes on the child public assistance register are in extra compared with the general population. Another Finnish survey showed aggressive behavior, delinquency and attending jobs were associated with kids and striplings in kids s places and that kids may besides be at hazard of sexual maltreatment in these places with the individual responsible for the act frequently being an older stripling ( Hukkanen et al. , 1999 ) . What is of import though is, none of these negative cases can be wholly attributed to hapless quality or damaging attention that kids get whilst in public attention. Numerous kids arrive in these establishments already enduring from been extremely traumatised in some instances due to parental dependences. In short, it is non merely the looked-after experience which leads to hapless results. Whereas in contrast concerns about the poor results of kids who are looked after ( Parker et al. , 1991 ) in England such as ; uneffective wellness proviso available for looked after kids ( Butler A ; Payne, 1997 ) , hapless degrees of educational accomplishment ( Aldgate et al. , 1993, Fletcher-Campbell, 1998 ) , the intimidation that takes topographic point in care scenes, the high gestation rates amongst adolescents in care in 2007 there were 360 female parents aged 12 and over who were looked after , an addition of 15 per cent from the old twelvemonth, ( Corlyn A ; McGuire, 1998, DCSF, 2007 ) , the disappointingly high figure of moves from care environment to care environment ( Sone, 1997 ) , and the deficiency of readying for those leaving attention , and hapless after-care support ( Biehal et al. , 1995 ) has led to the English acceptance system doing sweeping reform In July 2000 the so Prime Minister, Tony Blair published the authoritiess Review of Adoption which contained over 80 recommendations. Four of these recommendations focused on programs to ; develop and implement a National Adoption Register , pulling up of new National Standards for local governments to follow, the puting up of an Adoption and Permanency Taskforce to advance best pattern and challenge hapless public presentation, and carry oning a rapid examination of the backlog of kids that were waiting to be adopted ( PIU, 2000, p.4 ) .This was followed in December 2000, with the White Paper, Adoption-A New Approach . The purpose of set uping a National Adoption Register and an Adoption and Permanency Taskforce were once more set out. A national mark was to be set with the purpose of increasing the figure of looked after kids adopted. Other procedures highlighted in the audience paper integrated within the program were to present new National Standards for councils and acceptance bureaus. To implement these criterions, powers were put in topographic point emergency reviews and special steps to cover with debatable service suppliers. Other programs included, timescales for kids enabling a sound program for their lasting hereafter, this would be made within six months of their starting to be continuously looked after. When the determination was made that acceptance was to take topographic point, a new household should be found within a farther six months. In an effort to help adoptive parents new programs to back up them were briefly set out. Other important steps included: a new legislative option, called special care , this would supply a sense of stableness for the kid, but fall short of legal separation from their birth parents. Unlike England there is no National Adoption Register and there are no programs to develop and implement one in Finland, a National Register nevertheless, could perchance assist in progressing research and pattern in a Finnish model. Likewise an Adoption and Permanency Taskforce similar to that of England would be welcomed by many in Finland. Finland s parliament nevertheless, have this twelvemonth voted to give people in same-sex twosomes who are registered in an official partnership the legal right to follow the naturally-born kid of their spouse. ( Finnsson, 2009 ) No farther programs to rush up acceptances of looked after kids are planned. This is, possibly, because as suggested earlier of the dominant place Fox Harding once more which places an accent on household saving services. There are really few Finnish waiting to be adopted. There are nevertheless in contrast, 100s of twosomes waiting to follow a kid. There has been some treatment in the media about the intense defeat of these twosomes. It may take four or five old ages to hold a kid adopted. This has raised the impression of an acceptance industry which is fed by the kid protection system, Unfortunately, in many instances, the accent has changed from the desire to supply a destitute kid with a place to that of supplying a destitute parent with a kid. As a c onsequence, a whole industry has grown, bring forthing 1000000s of dollars of grosss each twelvemonth, seeking babes for acceptance and bear downing prospective parents tremendous fees to treat paperwork. ( Pragnell, 2008 ) It is besides his position that the involvements of the kid are now the cause of atrociousnesss committed against kids and parents by unthreatening and well-meaning employees of province and related bureaus but whose Acts of the Apostless are taking to immense enduring for kids.

Japanese Language and Culture 1 essays

Japanese Language and Culture 1 essays This essay will explain how the Japanese family structure has been changing since the early years of last century and in particular in the period since World War Two. It will cover the main differences between the traditional Japanese attitude towards family and the current, more modern attitude towards family, child rearing and education. In pre-modern Japan, before the Second World War the traditional concept of a family was the ie (this is now the word for house or home). This concept is very different from the modern western idea of immediate family. The traditional ie did not simply consist of the living members of the immediate family, it also included their dead ancestors and unborn descendants. The ie was very spiritual as the living members of the family were expected to put the interests of the family before their own, to please the dead ancestors and bring fortune upon the living and unborn family members. The structure of the family was very hierarchical and authoritarian. The head of the house, usually the father, enjoyed special privileges made the rules and everyone elses had to obey them. When the head of the family passed away the eldest son would usually inherit all of the property and the position of head. The eldest son also received privileges much like those of the head of the house did. Youn ger sons would inherit nothing and would be expected to either marry and establish branch-houses of the ie or marry into other families that had no male heir. Young men still marry into other families and adopt the family name in modern Japan. Daughters on the other hand did not receive as much respect as sons, they were often treated as little more than servants. They were almost always married off and would become part of the ie that they married into. In contrast with Western tradition there was often much more tension between daughters who married into families than sons. With each passing generation the...

Adults with learning disabilities Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Adults with learning disabilities - Essay Example A learning disability is defined as a neurological disorder. It is the result of a difference in wiring in some adults and children.Those who experience a LD may be as intelligent,or even smarter,than their cohorts,although they have difficulty with an activity/s such as; reading, writing, spelling, recall and reasoning Interventions to aid adult learners with LD have changed dramatically over the past century (D'Amato, Crepeau-Hobson, Huang, & Geil, 2005). This paper will critically review the development of the present day approaches to intervention to demonstrate the benefits of the social-model. Firstly, a historical perspective will be given to illustrate the growth of LD service delivery from a medical-model approach, labeling theory to a social-model approach. Secondly, person-centred planning shall be critically discussed. Next issues of anti-oppressive practices with regard to gender will be outlined. Finally, a conclusion shall synthesise the main points of this paper to id entify the advantages that social-model based interventions can have. It is anticipated that this paper will inform research to aid adults with LD to be encouraged in their strengths, aware of their weaknesses, and to better understand health and social care systems approaches to providing care. In the early 19th century the leading model of care for adults with a LD was grounded in the broad system of health care (Young, 2006). Following the industrial revolution and the mass migration of the rural population to the cities those with a LD tended to be among those living in poverty and performing enforced labour. In the mid-19th century many concerned citizens debated the humanity of the conditions of those living in poverty, and who were experiencing ways of being such as a LD. The medical-model approach at the time considered the people housed within asylums as 'having a problem' that was not able to be worked with. The patients were often treated as children and robbed of their d ignity and seen as not able to make the correct choices for them to ensure good health. According to the medical-model those with a LD were a threat to the 'contamination' of the UK gene pool. Hence, this later medical-modal approach continued with the view of a biological condition alone, that could not be altered in any way by 'nurturing'. And by taking a rigid 'nature' view of LD saw the person experiencing the condition as beyond hope of social interventions, and that wider society (i.e., environment) had no responsibility as to how those with LD experienced life and well being. Dramatic changes came following the Wars, when the atrocities of Nazi experiments highlighted the need for more thought into what it means to be human, issues of dignity, welfare, protection and human rights. The dawn of ethical research and treatment had come. Whilst the medical-model remained focused on diagnosis, treatment and monitoring for effect, the idea that living experiences for those with LD could be improved took hold. The new version of the medical-model emphasised the possibility of treatment by identifying and strengthening cognitive abilities of those with LD (arrowsmithschool.org, 2007). "When the weak areas of the brain are strengthened.the learning disability is reduced or removed." (Steinberg, 2007, p. 1). In 1946 there was the introduction of the National Health Service in the UK and with it came the creation of the term 'mentally handicapped' and the institutions developed into hospitals with a focus on caring for patients. Society had shifted from seeing those who were LD as dangerous and a potential infectious threat, to people in need of interventions and treatment. Labeling theory (Tannenbaum, 1938), grew in popularity as those with LD who adopted deviant behaviors, such as drug use and or crime, were considered to be the 'victims' of social

Intelligence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Intelligence - Essay Example ion was majorly to be effected by the CIA, as well as the DCI, as they were the ones perceived to be in a position to centralize nascent intelligence efforts within the US. Until today, however, this recommendation has not been adopted. One reason as to why this recommendation has not been implemented until today remains the motive and ability of the current intelligence organizations such as the FBI and the DOD among others, to resist the aspect of centralization (Goldman, 2010). Similarly, the recommendation has not been adopted given that as it stands, there is a tendency of the existing organs of intelligence to co-operate with the DOD. Concern was similarly raised hinged on the fact that centralization would result in the proliferation of the organs of intelligence as well as their activities. The recommendation to centralize intelligence agencies has in like manner faced resistance because stakeholders were concerned with the tendency and the frequency of the would be central director to assess the presidency. Finally, there is a claim that the association of directors that was to be formed would focus on covert operations. Amidst all this debate s, it is far-reaching to ascertain that as it stands, all the intelligence bodies work towards the aim of combating terror and protecting the US

'Representation of the female body in Hip Hop music videos' An Dissertation

'Representation of the female body in Hip Hop music videos' An analysis of content - Dissertation Example The present day music scene is dominated by extravagant usage of accessories, sets and high end technologically sophisticated gadgets. In the present times music is not just restricted to monochromic or monotonous demonstration of one’s musical knowledge and talent. Rather it comes in packages, with visual appeal, brand value of the star, thematic or cult trends and factors like attractive editing, special effects and obviously a scintillating performance by the featured star that makes watching the video worthwhile. While there are many genres of music that have emerged more popular than others over the times, gathering mass acceptance and witnessing an increased audience, there are the other lost and forgotten musical cultures and styles that have faded away from the face of the international musical scene. Of the most popular genres are the following: Western Pop, Hip Hop, R and B, Rap, Electro, Punk Rock, Heavy Metal, Rock and Jazz. Due to the gradual evolution that these music categories have had, they have been able to withstand the onslaught of the modern-day demanding music enthusiast and avoid fading into oblivion. Our research area in this exploratory and investigative report is the usage and representation of the female body in hip hop music videos. We will be restricting our research on the topic by focusing on the genre: Hip Hop. Nevertheless we will also discuss and draw conclusions on the global music industry’s usage and representation of women and their bodies in glamorising music videos. Hip Hop Music – Its Origin. Hip Hop music is a modern genre of music that has its roots embedded in old folk music in the African continent. Over the years and decades it has undergone a series of modifications in its literary connections, style of presentation, themes, lyrical content, visual effect and overall sound. It used to be a tribal form of musical expression and had merged with other offshoots of ancient African tribal music, und ergoing several changes to get its present form. Hip Hop music is one of the trendiest and catchiest form of music not only involving the foot tapping groovy beats,

General Adaption Syndrome and Post Traumatic Stress

General Adaption Syndrome and Post Traumatic Stress Hans Selye (1907-1982), an Austrian-born physician who emigrated to Canada in 1939, the general adaptation syndrome represents a three-stage reaction to stress. Selye explained his choice of terminology as follows: I call this syndrome general because it is produced only by agents which have a general effect upon large portions of the body. I call it adaptive because it stimulates defenseà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. I call it a syndrome because its individual manifestations are coordinated and even partly dependent upon each other. Most of his research is concerned with formulating a code of behavior based on the laws governing the bodys stress resistance in dealing with personal, interpersonal and group problems. General Adaption Syndrome General adaptation syndrome, or GAS, is a term used to describe the bodys short-term and long-term reactions to stress. Stressors in humans include such physical stressors as starvation, being hit by a car, or suffering through severe weather. Additionally, humans can suffer such emotional or mental stressors as the loss of a loved one, the inability to solve a problem, or even having a difficult day at work. This picture is adapted from https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjHxs9ReKMe_Dih3yzOsxZKikBjLNIMqj87u6TAZJxwIVhUbfunoEthOhk2rmKgv8uwzz8rb7I5c9hD98zo2Ylg24ra83ETtxIKTwe2Dq5aXPwXGsKIAL7fNL7VEwsPbnMGmij-4ZlXtbA/s200/Stress-ZebraStripes.gifThe general adaptation syndrome represents a three-stage reaction to stress. Stage 1: alarm reaction (ar) The first stage of the general adaptation stage, the alarm reaction, is the immediate reaction to a stressor. In the initial phase of stress, We prepare to: battle (fight) or escape (flight) Fight can be determined as to battle or fight with something, and flight can be determined as run away with something or sometimes you in a situation that you cant deal with it. That animal reacts to threats with a general discharge of the sympathetic nervous system, priming the animal for fighting or fleeing. This response was later recognized as the first stage of a general adaptation syndrome that regulates stress responses among vertebrates and other organisms. This is an involuntary physical response to danger which dissipates once we perceive the source of stress is removed. Stage 2: stage of resistance (sr) Stage 2 might also be named the stage of adaptation, instead of the stage of resistance. During this phase, if the stress continues, the body adapts to the stressors it is exposed to. Stage 3: stage of exhaustion (se) At this stage, the stress has continued for some time. The bodys resistance to the stress may gradually be reduced, or may collapse quickly. Post Traumatic Stress Disorder Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is an emotional illness that that is classified as an anxiety disorder and usually develops as a result of a terribly frightening, life-threatening, or otherwise highly unsafe experience. PTSD sufferers re-experience the traumatic event or events in some way, tend to avoid places, people, or other things that remind them of the event (avoidance), and are exquisitely sensitive to normal life experiences (hyper arousal). Although this condition has likely existed since human beings have endured trauma, PTSD has only been recognized as a formal diagnosis since 1980. However, it was called by different names as early as the American Civil War, when combat veterans were referred to as suffering from soldiers heart. This picture is adapted from http://home.earthlink.net/~help_for_ptsd/ptsd018001.jpg Overview of the effects of stress on your body This picture is adapted from http://www.s-cool.co.uk/a-level/assets/learn_its/alevel/psychology/stress/what-is-stress/diagram1.jpg The body doesnt distinguish between physical and psychological threats. When youre stressed over a busy schedule, an argument with a friend, a traffic jam, or a mountain of bills, your body reacts just as strongly as if you were facing a life-or-death situation. If you have a lot of responsibilities and worries, your emergency stress response may be on most of the time. The more your bodys stress system is activated, the easier it is to trip and the harder it is to shut off. PTSD is believed to be caused by either physical trauma or psychological trauma, or more frequently a combination of both. Traumatic events that may cause PTSD symptoms to develop include violent assault, kidnapping, and sexual assault, torture, being a hostage, prisoner of war or concentration camp victim, experiencing a disaster, violent automobile accidents or getting a diagnosis of a life-threatening illness. Children or adults may develop PTSD symptoms by experiencing bullying or mobbing. Preliminary research suggests that child abuse may interact with mutations in a stress-related gene to increase the risk of PTSD in adults. Stress can increase certain hormone levels inside the body. They include catecholamine (nor epinephrine, epinephrine and dopamine) and cortisol. Catecholamines are a component of sympathetic nervous system which prepares the body for an emergency. They increase the heart rate, blood pressure and divert more blood to the muscles. Cortisol is a hormone synthesized by the adrenal cortex and it increases the available glucose levels, lipid levels in the blood. In addition cortisol causes a reduction in immunity. These hormones prepare the body to fight or run away in a dangerous life threatening situations. However chronically elevated stress hormones can cause disease. Prolonged elevation of stress hormones can occur in chronic stress situations such as caring for a dependent person with terminal illness or in frequent acute stressors such as getting scolded numerous times by the boss. Direct effect of stress on body C:UsersluluAppDataLocalMicrosoftWindowsTemporary Internet FilesContent.IE5ZV69X961MC900021513[1].wmf Heart disease and stroke Increased blood sugar and lipid levels may increase the risk of heart diseases and stroke. In addition increased sympathetic over activity due to catecholamine may lead to increased blood pressure. Hypertension or increased blood pressure is another risk factor for heart diseases. Sexual problems In addition, increased stress hormones can cause reduced sexual drive and sexual dysfunction. This will lead to family disharmony and relationship problems. Increased risk of infections Reduced immunity due to increased cortisol levels can lead to various infections. It will cause deterioration of the general wellbeing [3 and 4]. For an example chronic stress can cause impaired wound healing [5]. Depression Prolonged elevation of cortisol is known to cause depression [7]. Therefore chronic stress can indeed cause depression. Gastric ulcers Chronic stress can increase the gastric acid secretion [6]. Increased gastric acid secretion can cause heart burn and gastric ulcers. Indirect effects of stress on body C:UsersluluAppDataLocalMicrosoftWindowsTemporary Internet FilesContent.IE5YK5A4VMUMC900056994[1].wmf Increased risk behavior Risk behavior such as alcohol consumption, drugs abuse and smoking can increase with stress. In addition some people may tend to overeat due to stress. These behaviors can increase the risk of heart disease and stroke. Drug abuse Some people with stress tend to abuse prescription drugs such as Ambien, Valium or opiates. These drugs in over dosage can be lethal. In addition people who abuse drugs usually take a mixture of several dangerous drugs. It can precipitate some disastrous drug interactions which can cause death or disability. Summary Stress is the human bodys response to change and adjustment. It can help people to cope with an acute change. However, stress that occurs frequently can cause serious harm to your body. Therapy used for Post Traumatic Stress Patients This picture is adapted from http://www.mindmapart.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/04/exercises-for-relaxation-destressing-tony-buzan.jpg Today, there are good treatments available for PTSD. When you have PTSD, dealing with the past can be hard. Instead of telling others how you feel, you may keep your feelings bottled up. But talking with a therapist can help you get better. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is one type of counseling. It appears to be the most effective type of counseling for PTSD. The VA is providing two forms of cognitive behavioral therapy to Veterans with PTSD: Cognitive Processing Therapy (CPT) and Prolonged Exposure (PE) therapy. To learn more about these types of therapy, see our fact sheets listed on the Treatment page. There is also a similar kind of therapy called eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) that is used for PTSD. Medications have also been shown to be effective. A type of drug known as a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), which is also used for depression, is effective for PTSD. Types of cognitive behavioral therapy In cognitive therapy, therapist helps patient to understand and change how patient think about they trauma and its aftermath. They goal is to understand how certain thoughts about they trauma because the stress and make they symptoms worse. Types of exposure behavioral therapy In exposure therapy patients goal is to have less fear about they memories. It is based on the idea that people learn to fear thoughts, feelings, and situations that remind them of a past traumatic event. Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) is another type of therapy for PTSD. Like other kinds of counseling, it can help change how patient react to memories of they trauma. Medication Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are a type of antidepressant medicine. These can help people feel less sad and worried. They appear to be helpful, and for some people they are very effective. Other types of treatment Some other kinds of counseling may be helpful in your recovery. However, more evidence is needed to support these types of treatment for PTSD. Group therapy Many people want to talk about their trauma with others who have had similar experiences. In group therapy, people talk with a group of people who also have been through a trauma and who have PTSD. Sharing they stories with others may help people feel more comfortable talking about your trauma. This can help people cope with they symptoms, memories, and other parts of they life. Brief psychodynamic psychotherapy In this type of therapy, people learn ways of dealing with emotional conflicts caused by they trauma. This therapy helps people understand how they past affects the way they feel now. Family therapy Family therapy is a type of counseling that involves patient whole family. A therapist helps patient and them family to communicate, maintain good relationships, and cope with tough emotions. They family can learn more about PTSD and how it is treated. How long does treatment last? CBT treatment for PTSD often lasts for 3 to 6 months. Other types of treatment for PTSD can last longer. If you have other mental health problems as well as PTSD, treatment may last for 1 to 2 years or longer. PART B RESEARCH C:UsersluluAppDataLocalMicrosoftWindowsTemporary Internet FilesContent.IE5O5C30NJMMC900437563[1].wmf Overview of the companies stress alleviation activities Introduction of company The Coca-Cola Company is the worlds largest beverage company. Along with Coca- Cola, recognized as the worlds most valuable brand, it markets four of the worlds top five soft drink brands. How Coca-Cola Company alleviate stress for their employees This picture is adapted from http://t1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTgrQgE9e-vO46V6phmZATrZPl8gLS77BnEWP8YGBqS5St3Each employee has holidays each year for helping employees to develop they stress. During holiday season, families and businesses can spend wisely on both personal and business gifts. These days, pretty much everyone on holiday gift list is dealing with a degree of stress. These holidays are basic on public holidays and some other holidays, for example Christmas, New Year etc. The coca-cola company often encourages employees to do some physical exercises. Exercise is a good way to deal with stress because it is a healthy way to relieve employee pent-up energy and tension. It also helps employee get in better shape, which makes employee feel better overall. By getting physically active, employee can decrease they levels of anxiety and stress, and elevate they moods. This picture is adapted from http://t0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcToXyrlIqvMo4jjYh3VDfSK4JX6DEEtAIZsgbW2j0dErrSk2e7u0MtLDaI0wgFemale employees were more often likely to choose Yoga-at-Work. Yoga-at-Work is a low-cost and innovative solution for companies wanting to reduce health care expenses, relieve workplace stress and promote employee well-being. The performance of a corporation depends on the performance of its key assets-employees. Healthy employees are more productive and more cost effective. Male employees were more often likely to choose to go gym. E.g. Virgin Active or Discourage. To go to gym are more expensive than Yoga-At-Work but it can help males to get more muscles so when they looks good they will feels good. Numerous studies have shown that people who begin exercise programs, either at home or at work, demonstrate a marked improvement in their ability to concentrate, are able to sleep better, suffer from fewer illnesses, suffer from less pain, and report a much higher quality of life than those who do not exercise. Coca Cola Company has been taking the lead in addressing the epidemic of stress by instituting workplace wellness programs that include a significant stress-reduction component. The most effective of these programs are the ones that integrate physical activity and nutritional programs alongside stress-management training. Businesses that have instituted activity-based workplace wellness programs have enjoyed a $3.00-$5.00 return on every dollar invested in the form of decreased health care costs, decreased absenteeism, increased productivity, decreased employee turnover, and reduced insurance costs. This picture is adapted from http://matznerclinic.com/index.php/services/stress-reductionNutritional Supplements, the lunch support by the Coca Cola company restaurant is been well prepared. There are types of nutritional supplements that can help with stress: those that help to reduce stress and those that help the body better cope with the effects of stress. PART C CREATE Nutritional Supplements There are two types of nutritional supplements that can help with stress: those that help to reduce stress, and those that help the body better cope with the effects of stress. Supplements that help to reduce stress belong to a class of herbs that help the body relax. Herbs such as chamomile, skullcap, valerian, and lavender help to clear a hurried mind and calm intense emotions. People typically drink these herbs as teas. Supplements to help the body better cope with the physical effects of stress are the B-vitamins and zinc. When you are under stress, your need for zinc and the B-vitamins goes up considerably. If you dont have enough of these, your health will suffer, which is why people often become sick when they are under a lot of stress. Taking a B-complex supplement along with zinc will help to protect your body from the negative effects of stress.

The Scarlet Letter :: essays research papers

Author's Background: Nathaniel Hawthorne was born in Salem, Massachusetts on July 4th, 1804. Hawthorne lived poor due to his father's death when he was four, but he was helped by relatives and enrolled in college where he displayed an interest in writing. In college, he met a friend who would prove to be an invaluable help Franklin Pierce, future President of the United States. In 1825 he graduated and lived with his uncle in Salem for 12 years, devoting his time to reading, writing, and scrapping for publication. He spewed out several stories, but few sold for over $35 each. In 1837 Hawthorne took a job in the Custom-House in Boston. He grew bored with this work and the people around him, however, up to the point where he wrote The Custom House as an introduction to The Scarlet Letter. In this introduction he showed the dull life of working in a custom house. From the Custom-House, he left for Brooke Farm. During his time at Brooke Farm, he met such thinkers as Emmerson and Thoreau. He also met and courted Sophia Peabody, and left Brooke Farm with her in 1842 to stay at "Old Manse", the Emmerson homestead. When Emmerson returned to Old Manse, Hawthorne left and went to Salem to live with Sophia. From this point, Hawthorne won a job at the Salem Custom-House due to a political appointment from his college friend Franklin Pierce. However, when the political winds changed to Zachary Taylor, he lost his job and devoted himself to writing at his wife's insistence. The result was The Scarlet Letter, which was the beginning of a successful series of books including The House of Seven Gables in 1851, The Blithedale Romance in 1852, and Tanglewood Tales for Boys and Girls in 1853. With this success and the aid of President Franklin Pierce, he was appointed as US consul to Liverpool, England. This was a reward for writing Pierce's biography. Hawthorne's final years are sketchy. On a voyage back to Plymouth, New Hampshire, he became deathly ill and died on May 19, 1864. He was buried on Concord, Massachusetts. Literary Period and Setting Literary Period: Romanticism and Transcendentalism Setting: Boston, Massachusetts. USA 1842-1849 Characters Hester Prynne A) Hester was a beautiful young woman who lives in Boston, Massachusetts. She is proud and strong, but commits the sin of adultery with Reverend Dimmesdale while her husband is supposedly in England finishing up some work. Pearl is the product of this sin and Hester is forced to wear a scarlet letter "A" on her bosom for the rest of her life to show her sin. Isolated from the community, Hester is forced to rise a step higher than

Alliances Balancing and Bandwagoning

Stephen M. Walt’s main purpose in his work is to assert his explanations for the actions done by states in the international arena with regard to their alliances as a response to a certain factor or condition that affects or influences the very well being and situation of a state.The entire point of Stephen M. Walt revolves around the reaction of states when engaged or met with external threat. His analysis illustrates the possible behavioural patterns of states by explaining what kind of actions these states make and why.He thus caters two concepts; balancing and bandwagoning, stating that states tend to either balance or bandwagon depending on where these states perceive that they best fit or may benefit from. Therefore, he develops his analysis by proposing that the states two primary options or actions are to either ally in opposition of an external threat or to ally with the external threat itself. Stephen M. Walt holds that these two concepts are dependent upon the type and level of external threat manifested to them.This is not to discount the fact that the state’s influence, power or how the international community perceives it must also be taken into consideration; whether a state is considered as a strong state or a weak state.In a nutshell, Stephen M. Walt submits that a state may ally with other states in the face of an existing threat or it may arrange itself with this threat. He thus primarily asserts that as part of the natural behavioural pattern of a state, other theorists may say that balancing shall be the more convenient or expected action by a state rather than bandwagoning.It is fundamental to hypothesize that a strong state shall have the automatic tendency to balance. While the weak states may also choose to balance but this is only as a response to other weak states. When the conflict is between a weak and a strong state, it is another story.It is but natural in such a situation for a weak state to bandwagon when respondin g to a threat posed by a strong state. Stephen M. Walt’s alliance theory explains that a state’s action when responding to an external threat is the phenomenon of knowing when will such a state form an alliance and what will influence the state’s choice in making an alliance.This phenomenon is an expected behavioural pattern and a normal reaction. The focal area of concern with regard to this phenomenon is focused mainly on the each state’s duty and responsibility to protect itself. As a means of security, the state will be expected to put its safety as the first priority when an external threat is lurking around.The decision that follows shall take in consideration the state as a whole and how it is perceived by the international community. Primarily, the argument that pushes the theory of Stephen M. Walt falls largely on the shoulders of the two concepts of balancing and bandwagoning.As mentioned earlier, balancing is about allying with other states aga inst the external threat. In other words, states form an alliance against another state or group of states that pose the dominant and greater threat.This is simply a way for a state to deal with another state which is a threat because of its greater aggregate power. A determining factor here is hinged on a state’s capability, particularly its military capability. However, the type of military capability that is in question is on a state’s offensive capability which poses the threat to other states.The defensive military capability is not much given attention due to the fact that such capability will not be a threat unless provoked or initiated by another state. But having a strong and threatening offensive capability is not the only distress and apprehension of other states.The level or aggressiveness of a particular state is definitely taken into account. Each state regardless of their capabilities has their own way of responding and not responding to threats and issu es they encounter. Moreover, alliances formed under the concept of balancing are somewhat situational or circumstantial.Although alliances are forged heavily to answer the call of threat, these alliances change dramatically when that threat is conquered or disposed of. Wars seem to be the common cause of most states to form an alliance but the moment the war ends, the alliance breaks as well. As much as alliance through balancing is very much evident and supported by past occurrences, the opposite concept of bandwagoning is as much evident and present as seen during the Cold War. It is therefore asserted that bandwagoning is most likely to happen than balancing.Stephen M. Walt even stresses that any need for a legitimate justification to be involved in international territories or issues can be covered by bandwagoning. Furthermore, bandwagoning is also used as a means of increasing a state’s military capacity.Proponents of bandwagoning see the logic in this concept by simply knowing that the greater a state’s aggregate capability and offensive capability the more likely it is for other states to form an alliance with it. Even the geographical location is taken into consideration.The states that are located near a powerful state shall have a greater tendency of forming an alliance with the powerful state. The location of states geographically in relation to another state particularly with the stronger state is very important especially in times of conflict.This because the issues on borders and the time it takes to send help and information to an ally will largely depend of their positions. And being the opposite of balancing, the states will not align against the powerful state because of its aggressive perceived intentions.And also, the alliances formed against the greater state will disintegrate as a response to a serious obstacle that they realize is already beyond them. Stephen M. Walt states his theory by deducing it from rational and histor ically based assumptions and behavioural patterns which states have already done to point out that what states will most possibly be doing. The past shows times of numerous instances in international relations which act as an example or as a guide in predicting not necessarily the end result but the processes of interactions between states.Stephen M. Walt cites numerous occasions and incidents in the World War and the Cold War as an example for proving his theory. He thus bases his conclusions and hypotheses knowing that there are only limited possible steps or actions that a state can actually make.The assertion of Stephen M. Walt’s theory by quantifying and qualifying a state’s action to form an alliance as a response to an external threat through balancing and bandwagoning as supported by historical bases makes it logically sound.The argument that is proposed takes root in the rational and natural assessment of how exactly a state will respond to the situation prese nted. In other words, the theory is an anticipation of an expected probable outcome.The explanation is implicated in the concepts of balancing and bandwagoning which are two polar manifestations that show that for every action taken or not taken, there is also another option which is the alternative or opposite action taken or not taken.For example, as stated earlier in balancing, the greater the threatening state’s aggregate power, the greater the tendency of others to align against it. While in bandwagoning, the greater the threatening state’s aggregate power, the greater the tendency of others to align with it.The cause and effect implication is simply related to the relationship between one state’s relation with another, a state’s capability and the other state’s capability and most importantly, one’s external threat confronted by a state as manifested by another state.The threat is the absolute indicator or the absolute cause of how a s tate will react. The level of threat will influence every consideration that a state will take into. Technically speaking, in consideration of the cause and effect analysis, it becomes quite obvious that this theory of Stephen M. Walt is a primary response or a better description and explanation of the forming of alliances of states. It is asserted by other theorists that the overlying source for the alliances formed by states is founded on the power relations between states.Thus, the balancing or bandwagoning of states are simply actions to balance the power in the prevailing status quo of the international sphere. But Stephen M. Walt sees that the states do not seek security from power but rather, states seek security from threat.Power can be threat but it can also not be threat. Power is a neutral factor and cannot be seen as a threat unless used as one. While threat on the other hand is a concept that poses danger and concern to a state making it more definite and ideal to thoro ughly and greatly influence the state’s actions.