Child Adoption In England And Finland Social Policy Essay Essay Example

Child Adoption In England And Finland Social Policy Essay Essay This essay attempts to light the differences and similarities in issues related to child acceptance in England and Finland while offering an scrutiny into the contexts in which societal workers and associated professionals have to work. While both England and Finland are provinces within the European Union ( EU ) , they demonstrate distinguishable and differing attacks to the acceptance of kids. In Finland along with other states in Scandinavia, kid acceptance and the lasting transportation of parental rights is less of a cardinal a concern, or worry than presently so in England where kid acceptance is featured conspicuously across a scope of professional, political and popular discourses. In footings of societal work pattern the engagement of kids and households, coupled with certain factors of the acceptance procedure have been handled in a clearly different manner between the two states. This can be seen where in Finland grownup adoptees were allowed to derive entree to records si ng their acceptance or their birth parents far earlier than their English opposite numbers where this was non allowable until much subsequently earlier through the Children Act 1975 ( Triseliotis, 1973, p. 1 ) . We will write a custom essay sample on Child Adoption In England And Finland Social Policy Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Child Adoption In England And Finland Social Policy Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Child Adoption In England And Finland Social Policy Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Harmonizing to Lowe ( 2000 ) in the late-nineteenth century efforts were made to present acceptance, but it was non until 1927, subsequent to the Adoption of Children Act 1926, that child acceptance became lawfully recognised in England. Since so many factors including ; studies, statute law and instance jurisprudence have all had an impact, this has resulted in refined policy and alterations in societal work pattern. More late media attending has illustrated societal workers alleged defects in relation to child acceptance procedures. In recent old ages, acceptance policy has been influenced by a figure of socio-cultural and political factors. During the Conservative authorities of the 1990s politicians and policy shapers made efforts inefficaciously to reconstitute what were viewed as unsatisfactory acceptance processs ( see PIU, 2000, p. 31 ) . These services were impaired because societal workers were driven by political rightness ( Hopton, 1997 ) . The white paper Adoption: The Future was published In November 1993, stand foring a common sense attack to acceptance ( Department of Health, 1993 ) . In 1996, the DoH published a Draft Bill with an accent placed on child acceptance as an option to individual parentage during the audience period. The Bill failed to come on any farther due to the General Election in May 1997. With a alteration in authorities, the so Prime Minister s ( Tony Blair ) Review of Adoption was published in 2000 ( PIU, 2000 ) . Followed by a White Paper, Adoption: A New Approach ( Departme nt of Health, 2000 ) , which was followed by the publication of the Adoption and Children Bill in 2001. The Bill failed to happen due to the General Election subsequently in the same twelvemonth. It was nevertheless re-introduced in October 2001 and the Adoption and Children Act received royal acquiescence in November 2002. The first Adoption of Children Act in Finland was in 1925, a twelvemonth earlier than the English equivalent. The present Finnish Adoption Act stems from 1985 followed by an extra Adoption opinion in 1997 which dealt specifically with acceptance guidance and inter-country acceptances. Specific to Finnish acceptance system is the function of Save the Children originally created in 1945 following the meeting of two old administrations ( Homes for Homeless Children which were practising acceptance since 1922 and Save Finland s Children, which was set up after the Second World War in an effort to assist orphaned kids ) . This administration is now portion of the International Save the Children. Salvage the Children has had an influential place as a supplier of acceptance services in Finland. In add-on to civic public assistance organic structures, Save the Children is still the lone private kid public assistance administration in Finland licensed to supply acceptance guidance ( Pylkkanen 1995 ) In Finland, acceptances have dramatically changed during the last 30 old ages, in 1970, 243 Finnish kids were adopted through Save the Children . Over the last few old ages this has decreased to less than 50. Partially as abortion became more freely available following the Abortion Act of 1970 ; the figure of unplanned kids born to immature individual female parents fell. ( Garrett, 2003 p.21 ) . England excessively has seen a lessening in acceptances, ( PIU, 2000, p.10 ) This may be attributed to the rise in usage of the preventive pill and the credence of individual female parents. Harmonizing to Lowe ( 2000 ) The largest diminution is in regard of babes ( kids under the age of 12 months ) put up for acceptance ; in 1968, 12,641 babes were adopted ( 51 % of all acceptances ) , but merely 195 babes were adopted in 1998 ( merely 4 % of all acceptances ) Harmonizing to Bennett ( 2009 ) Merely 4,637 kids were adopted in 2007, the lowest figure since 1999. In both provinces, acceptance is far more likely to affect kids in public care-or looked after kids ( In England under the Children Act 1989 ) who are older, are child protection concerns, or have disablements ( DoH, 1998 ) . This is in portion due to the fact that there are really few healthy babes available for acceptance. In England there are about 60,000 kids looked after . ( Department for Children, Schools and Families ( DCSF ) , 2007 ) . 62 % of these kids were removed, on a mandatory footing, from their household. Approximately 1 % of all kids under 18 old ages live in Foster attention, with approximately 48 % in household Foster attention, 40 % are in children s places , and the staying 12 % in new formats of household professional attention ( Kalland A ; Sinkkonen, 2001 ) . In July of this twelvemonth these statistics were even worse harmonizing to beginnings obtained by Bennett ( 2009 ) who claimed that this figure was now about three quarters of all acceptances, sh e agrees with the concluding behind the remotion of kids form their households saying The addition in intoxicant and drug maltreatment among parents is besides a turning factor in attention proceedings, with parents frequently being given several opportunities to interrupt their wont before kids are removed. It may perchance be argued that many of those kids in long-run arrangements should and likely could be adopted, but this is non the overruling position of Finnish society, so the dominant position is that of household saving. Several subscribers portion the sentiment that kids s best involvements are met when every attempt is made to maintain the household together. If surrogate attention is needed, it should ever be of limited continuance ( Garrett, 2003 ) . These positions echo FOX HARDING CHECK WHICH PERSPECTIVE AND MENTION Many of these Finnish kids in long-run Foster attention could hold been adopted if they lived in England. Obviously, foster attention makes it possible for kids to maintain some contact with their birth household. Unfortunately, this is non ever advantageous for the kid because of the terrible troubles including both psychological and behavioural of some parents ( Quinton et al. , 1997 ) . The arrangement faces the hazard of dislocation where the birth parents have sufficiently dealt or recovered from their troubles, and desire to be a complete household with the return of their kid. This may be successful, but may besides be ephemeral ensuing in eternal short-run arrangements. This will hold an inauspicious consequence destructing the kid s ability to organize any meaningful fond regards in maturity. Adoption would offer the kid an chance to organize a stable relationship but this would cut the connexions with the birth household. In Finland acceptance against the will of the natura l parents is far from the norm. As a consequence, there are really few contested acceptances. Harmonizing to the Finnish Adoption Act, the consent of both biological parents is needed before the acceptance can take topographic point. It should be noted that there are two exclusions to this ; foremost, acceptance can be granted if it is believed that the acceptance is decidedly in the best involvements of the kid and the refusal of consent of the parents is non appropriately justified, secondly, the parents can non logically show their will due to illness or disablement, or if their whereabouts are unknown. Additionally the female parent s consent is merely accepted after she has recovered from the birth ( no earlier than eight hebdomads ) . In Finland the feelings and desires of the kid are taken into history, this is harmonizing to the age and degree of adulthood. If the kid is 12 or older, their sentiments must be taken into history. In recent old ages England has evolved a grade of openness in the acceptance procedure ( DoH, 1999, Ch. 5 ) . This is because traditionally in England, the acceptance of kids resulted in the cutting off of the relationship with the birth female parent and birth household. The developments in this country have been provoked through professionals whose sentiment that openness is of import for the mental wellness and identity demands of adoptees ( Kirton, 2000, p. 108 ) . The ability for English adoptees and their household to derive entree to records is comparatively recent, in fact every bit recent as 1973 Scotland and Finland were the lone states in the Western universe where an adopted individual could obtain information from official records that could assist them follow their original parents Triseliotis ( 1973, p. 1 ) . The move off from high degrees of secretiveness can besides be attributed to adoptees who wanted to happen birth relations ( Campbell et al. , 1991 ) , birth female parents besides campaigned for larger degrees of openness in acceptance in England ( Logan, 1996 ) . These actions coupled with the Natural Parents Support Group , an administration of birth female parents, who lobbied the UK parliament for a public enquiry into the unfairnesss which occurred through the mass acceptance in the 1950s and 1960s ( Rickford, 2000, Fink, 2000 ) . The Children Act 1975 gave adopted people over the age of 18 old ages the right to use for entree to their original birth certifications. The recent openness has enabled in some cases, contact agreements between the kid and birth household after the acceptance has taken topographic point ( Lowe, 2000, p. 326-329 ) . The Adoption Act 1976 amended by the Children Act 1989, made it compulsory for the Registrar General to put up an Adoption Contact Register in an effort to do it possible for adoptive people to reach their birth parents and other birth relations. It the sentiment of Hughes A ; Logan ( 19 95 ) that these steps are in portion due to the increasing consciousness of the importance of post-adoption services. The position in Finland nevertheless has been far more unfastened so ; Salvage the Children has mediated between the adopted kid and biological parents since the 1960s. It should be mentioned that big proportions of adoptive people in Finland still do non wish to seek contact with their original households, normally those that felt letdown about being adopted inn the first case ( Garrett 2003 ) . This all means that while the recent thrust toward acceptance being more open is evidently of import, it must be recognised that openness is non simple or straightforward. Kalland et Al. ( 2001 ) shows that mortality rates in Finland for both sexes on the child public assistance register are in extra compared with the general population. Another Finnish survey showed aggressive behavior, delinquency and attending jobs were associated with kids and striplings in kids s places and that kids may besides be at hazard of sexual maltreatment in these places with the individual responsible for the act frequently being an older stripling ( Hukkanen et al. , 1999 ) . What is of import though is, none of these negative cases can be wholly attributed to hapless quality or damaging attention that kids get whilst in public attention. Numerous kids arrive in these establishments already enduring from been extremely traumatised in some instances due to parental dependences. In short, it is non merely the looked-after experience which leads to hapless results. Whereas in contrast concerns about the poor results of kids who are looked after ( Parker et al. , 1991 ) in England such as ; uneffective wellness proviso available for looked after kids ( Butler A ; Payne, 1997 ) , hapless degrees of educational accomplishment ( Aldgate et al. , 1993, Fletcher-Campbell, 1998 ) , the intimidation that takes topographic point in care scenes, the high gestation rates amongst adolescents in care in 2007 there were 360 female parents aged 12 and over who were looked after , an addition of 15 per cent from the old twelvemonth, ( Corlyn A ; McGuire, 1998, DCSF, 2007 ) , the disappointingly high figure of moves from care environment to care environment ( Sone, 1997 ) , and the deficiency of readying for those leaving attention , and hapless after-care support ( Biehal et al. , 1995 ) has led to the English acceptance system doing sweeping reform In July 2000 the so Prime Minister, Tony Blair published the authoritiess Review of Adoption which contained over 80 recommendations. Four of these recommendations focused on programs to ; develop and implement a National Adoption Register , pulling up of new National Standards for local governments to follow, the puting up of an Adoption and Permanency Taskforce to advance best pattern and challenge hapless public presentation, and carry oning a rapid examination of the backlog of kids that were waiting to be adopted ( PIU, 2000, p.4 ) .This was followed in December 2000, with the White Paper, Adoption-A New Approach . The purpose of set uping a National Adoption Register and an Adoption and Permanency Taskforce were once more set out. A national mark was to be set with the purpose of increasing the figure of looked after kids adopted. Other procedures highlighted in the audience paper integrated within the program were to present new National Standards for councils and acceptance bureaus. To implement these criterions, powers were put in topographic point emergency reviews and special steps to cover with debatable service suppliers. Other programs included, timescales for kids enabling a sound program for their lasting hereafter, this would be made within six months of their starting to be continuously looked after. When the determination was made that acceptance was to take topographic point, a new household should be found within a farther six months. In an effort to help adoptive parents new programs to back up them were briefly set out. Other important steps included: a new legislative option, called special care , this would supply a sense of stableness for the kid, but fall short of legal separation from their birth parents. Unlike England there is no National Adoption Register and there are no programs to develop and implement one in Finland, a National Register nevertheless, could perchance assist in progressing research and pattern in a Finnish model. Likewise an Adoption and Permanency Taskforce similar to that of England would be welcomed by many in Finland. Finland s parliament nevertheless, have this twelvemonth voted to give people in same-sex twosomes who are registered in an official partnership the legal right to follow the naturally-born kid of their spouse. ( Finnsson, 2009 ) No farther programs to rush up acceptances of looked after kids are planned. This is, possibly, because as suggested earlier of the dominant place Fox Harding once more which places an accent on household saving services. There are really few Finnish waiting to be adopted. There are nevertheless in contrast, 100s of twosomes waiting to follow a kid. There has been some treatment in the media about the intense defeat of these twosomes. It may take four or five old ages to hold a kid adopted. This has raised the impression of an acceptance industry which is fed by the kid protection system, Unfortunately, in many instances, the accent has changed from the desire to supply a destitute kid with a place to that of supplying a destitute parent with a kid. As a c onsequence, a whole industry has grown, bring forthing 1000000s of dollars of grosss each twelvemonth, seeking babes for acceptance and bear downing prospective parents tremendous fees to treat paperwork. ( Pragnell, 2008 ) It is besides his position that the involvements of the kid are now the cause of atrociousnesss committed against kids and parents by unthreatening and well-meaning employees of province and related bureaus but whose Acts of the Apostless are taking to immense enduring for kids.

Japanese Language and Culture 1 essays

Japanese Language and Culture 1 essays This essay will explain how the Japanese family structure has been changing since the early years of last century and in particular in the period since World War Two. It will cover the main differences between the traditional Japanese attitude towards family and the current, more modern attitude towards family, child rearing and education. In pre-modern Japan, before the Second World War the traditional concept of a family was the ie (this is now the word for house or home). This concept is very different from the modern western idea of immediate family. The traditional ie did not simply consist of the living members of the immediate family, it also included their dead ancestors and unborn descendants. The ie was very spiritual as the living members of the family were expected to put the interests of the family before their own, to please the dead ancestors and bring fortune upon the living and unborn family members. The structure of the family was very hierarchical and authoritarian. The head of the house, usually the father, enjoyed special privileges made the rules and everyone elses had to obey them. When the head of the family passed away the eldest son would usually inherit all of the property and the position of head. The eldest son also received privileges much like those of the head of the house did. Youn ger sons would inherit nothing and would be expected to either marry and establish branch-houses of the ie or marry into other families that had no male heir. Young men still marry into other families and adopt the family name in modern Japan. Daughters on the other hand did not receive as much respect as sons, they were often treated as little more than servants. They were almost always married off and would become part of the ie that they married into. In contrast with Western tradition there was often much more tension between daughters who married into families than sons. With each passing generation the...

Adults with learning disabilities Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Adults with learning disabilities - Essay Example A learning disability is defined as a neurological disorder. It is the result of a difference in wiring in some adults and children.Those who experience a LD may be as intelligent,or even smarter,than their cohorts,although they have difficulty with an activity/s such as; reading, writing, spelling, recall and reasoning Interventions to aid adult learners with LD have changed dramatically over the past century (D'Amato, Crepeau-Hobson, Huang, & Geil, 2005). This paper will critically review the development of the present day approaches to intervention to demonstrate the benefits of the social-model. Firstly, a historical perspective will be given to illustrate the growth of LD service delivery from a medical-model approach, labeling theory to a social-model approach. Secondly, person-centred planning shall be critically discussed. Next issues of anti-oppressive practices with regard to gender will be outlined. Finally, a conclusion shall synthesise the main points of this paper to id entify the advantages that social-model based interventions can have. It is anticipated that this paper will inform research to aid adults with LD to be encouraged in their strengths, aware of their weaknesses, and to better understand health and social care systems approaches to providing care. In the early 19th century the leading model of care for adults with a LD was grounded in the broad system of health care (Young, 2006). Following the industrial revolution and the mass migration of the rural population to the cities those with a LD tended to be among those living in poverty and performing enforced labour. In the mid-19th century many concerned citizens debated the humanity of the conditions of those living in poverty, and who were experiencing ways of being such as a LD. The medical-model approach at the time considered the people housed within asylums as 'having a problem' that was not able to be worked with. The patients were often treated as children and robbed of their d ignity and seen as not able to make the correct choices for them to ensure good health. According to the medical-model those with a LD were a threat to the 'contamination' of the UK gene pool. Hence, this later medical-modal approach continued with the view of a biological condition alone, that could not be altered in any way by 'nurturing'. And by taking a rigid 'nature' view of LD saw the person experiencing the condition as beyond hope of social interventions, and that wider society (i.e., environment) had no responsibility as to how those with LD experienced life and well being. Dramatic changes came following the Wars, when the atrocities of Nazi experiments highlighted the need for more thought into what it means to be human, issues of dignity, welfare, protection and human rights. The dawn of ethical research and treatment had come. Whilst the medical-model remained focused on diagnosis, treatment and monitoring for effect, the idea that living experiences for those with LD could be improved took hold. The new version of the medical-model emphasised the possibility of treatment by identifying and strengthening cognitive abilities of those with LD (arrowsmithschool.org, 2007). "When the weak areas of the brain are strengthened.the learning disability is reduced or removed." (Steinberg, 2007, p. 1). In 1946 there was the introduction of the National Health Service in the UK and with it came the creation of the term 'mentally handicapped' and the institutions developed into hospitals with a focus on caring for patients. Society had shifted from seeing those who were LD as dangerous and a potential infectious threat, to people in need of interventions and treatment. Labeling theory (Tannenbaum, 1938), grew in popularity as those with LD who adopted deviant behaviors, such as drug use and or crime, were considered to be the 'victims' of social

Intelligence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Intelligence - Essay Example ion was majorly to be effected by the CIA, as well as the DCI, as they were the ones perceived to be in a position to centralize nascent intelligence efforts within the US. Until today, however, this recommendation has not been adopted. One reason as to why this recommendation has not been implemented until today remains the motive and ability of the current intelligence organizations such as the FBI and the DOD among others, to resist the aspect of centralization (Goldman, 2010). Similarly, the recommendation has not been adopted given that as it stands, there is a tendency of the existing organs of intelligence to co-operate with the DOD. Concern was similarly raised hinged on the fact that centralization would result in the proliferation of the organs of intelligence as well as their activities. The recommendation to centralize intelligence agencies has in like manner faced resistance because stakeholders were concerned with the tendency and the frequency of the would be central director to assess the presidency. Finally, there is a claim that the association of directors that was to be formed would focus on covert operations. Amidst all this debate s, it is far-reaching to ascertain that as it stands, all the intelligence bodies work towards the aim of combating terror and protecting the US

'Representation of the female body in Hip Hop music videos' An Dissertation

'Representation of the female body in Hip Hop music videos' An analysis of content - Dissertation Example The present day music scene is dominated by extravagant usage of accessories, sets and high end technologically sophisticated gadgets. In the present times music is not just restricted to monochromic or monotonous demonstration of one’s musical knowledge and talent. Rather it comes in packages, with visual appeal, brand value of the star, thematic or cult trends and factors like attractive editing, special effects and obviously a scintillating performance by the featured star that makes watching the video worthwhile. While there are many genres of music that have emerged more popular than others over the times, gathering mass acceptance and witnessing an increased audience, there are the other lost and forgotten musical cultures and styles that have faded away from the face of the international musical scene. Of the most popular genres are the following: Western Pop, Hip Hop, R and B, Rap, Electro, Punk Rock, Heavy Metal, Rock and Jazz. Due to the gradual evolution that these music categories have had, they have been able to withstand the onslaught of the modern-day demanding music enthusiast and avoid fading into oblivion. Our research area in this exploratory and investigative report is the usage and representation of the female body in hip hop music videos. We will be restricting our research on the topic by focusing on the genre: Hip Hop. Nevertheless we will also discuss and draw conclusions on the global music industry’s usage and representation of women and their bodies in glamorising music videos. Hip Hop Music – Its Origin. Hip Hop music is a modern genre of music that has its roots embedded in old folk music in the African continent. Over the years and decades it has undergone a series of modifications in its literary connections, style of presentation, themes, lyrical content, visual effect and overall sound. It used to be a tribal form of musical expression and had merged with other offshoots of ancient African tribal music, und ergoing several changes to get its present form. Hip Hop music is one of the trendiest and catchiest form of music not only involving the foot tapping groovy beats,

General Adaption Syndrome and Post Traumatic Stress

General Adaption Syndrome and Post Traumatic Stress Hans Selye (1907-1982), an Austrian-born physician who emigrated to Canada in 1939, the general adaptation syndrome represents a three-stage reaction to stress. Selye explained his choice of terminology as follows: I call this syndrome general because it is produced only by agents which have a general effect upon large portions of the body. I call it adaptive because it stimulates defenseà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. I call it a syndrome because its individual manifestations are coordinated and even partly dependent upon each other. Most of his research is concerned with formulating a code of behavior based on the laws governing the bodys stress resistance in dealing with personal, interpersonal and group problems. General Adaption Syndrome General adaptation syndrome, or GAS, is a term used to describe the bodys short-term and long-term reactions to stress. Stressors in humans include such physical stressors as starvation, being hit by a car, or suffering through severe weather. Additionally, humans can suffer such emotional or mental stressors as the loss of a loved one, the inability to solve a problem, or even having a difficult day at work. This picture is adapted from https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjHxs9ReKMe_Dih3yzOsxZKikBjLNIMqj87u6TAZJxwIVhUbfunoEthOhk2rmKgv8uwzz8rb7I5c9hD98zo2Ylg24ra83ETtxIKTwe2Dq5aXPwXGsKIAL7fNL7VEwsPbnMGmij-4ZlXtbA/s200/Stress-ZebraStripes.gifThe general adaptation syndrome represents a three-stage reaction to stress. Stage 1: alarm reaction (ar) The first stage of the general adaptation stage, the alarm reaction, is the immediate reaction to a stressor. In the initial phase of stress, We prepare to: battle (fight) or escape (flight) Fight can be determined as to battle or fight with something, and flight can be determined as run away with something or sometimes you in a situation that you cant deal with it. That animal reacts to threats with a general discharge of the sympathetic nervous system, priming the animal for fighting or fleeing. This response was later recognized as the first stage of a general adaptation syndrome that regulates stress responses among vertebrates and other organisms. This is an involuntary physical response to danger which dissipates once we perceive the source of stress is removed. Stage 2: stage of resistance (sr) Stage 2 might also be named the stage of adaptation, instead of the stage of resistance. During this phase, if the stress continues, the body adapts to the stressors it is exposed to. Stage 3: stage of exhaustion (se) At this stage, the stress has continued for some time. The bodys resistance to the stress may gradually be reduced, or may collapse quickly. Post Traumatic Stress Disorder Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is an emotional illness that that is classified as an anxiety disorder and usually develops as a result of a terribly frightening, life-threatening, or otherwise highly unsafe experience. PTSD sufferers re-experience the traumatic event or events in some way, tend to avoid places, people, or other things that remind them of the event (avoidance), and are exquisitely sensitive to normal life experiences (hyper arousal). Although this condition has likely existed since human beings have endured trauma, PTSD has only been recognized as a formal diagnosis since 1980. However, it was called by different names as early as the American Civil War, when combat veterans were referred to as suffering from soldiers heart. This picture is adapted from http://home.earthlink.net/~help_for_ptsd/ptsd018001.jpg Overview of the effects of stress on your body This picture is adapted from http://www.s-cool.co.uk/a-level/assets/learn_its/alevel/psychology/stress/what-is-stress/diagram1.jpg The body doesnt distinguish between physical and psychological threats. When youre stressed over a busy schedule, an argument with a friend, a traffic jam, or a mountain of bills, your body reacts just as strongly as if you were facing a life-or-death situation. If you have a lot of responsibilities and worries, your emergency stress response may be on most of the time. The more your bodys stress system is activated, the easier it is to trip and the harder it is to shut off. PTSD is believed to be caused by either physical trauma or psychological trauma, or more frequently a combination of both. Traumatic events that may cause PTSD symptoms to develop include violent assault, kidnapping, and sexual assault, torture, being a hostage, prisoner of war or concentration camp victim, experiencing a disaster, violent automobile accidents or getting a diagnosis of a life-threatening illness. Children or adults may develop PTSD symptoms by experiencing bullying or mobbing. Preliminary research suggests that child abuse may interact with mutations in a stress-related gene to increase the risk of PTSD in adults. Stress can increase certain hormone levels inside the body. They include catecholamine (nor epinephrine, epinephrine and dopamine) and cortisol. Catecholamines are a component of sympathetic nervous system which prepares the body for an emergency. They increase the heart rate, blood pressure and divert more blood to the muscles. Cortisol is a hormone synthesized by the adrenal cortex and it increases the available glucose levels, lipid levels in the blood. In addition cortisol causes a reduction in immunity. These hormones prepare the body to fight or run away in a dangerous life threatening situations. However chronically elevated stress hormones can cause disease. Prolonged elevation of stress hormones can occur in chronic stress situations such as caring for a dependent person with terminal illness or in frequent acute stressors such as getting scolded numerous times by the boss. Direct effect of stress on body C:UsersluluAppDataLocalMicrosoftWindowsTemporary Internet FilesContent.IE5ZV69X961MC900021513[1].wmf Heart disease and stroke Increased blood sugar and lipid levels may increase the risk of heart diseases and stroke. In addition increased sympathetic over activity due to catecholamine may lead to increased blood pressure. Hypertension or increased blood pressure is another risk factor for heart diseases. Sexual problems In addition, increased stress hormones can cause reduced sexual drive and sexual dysfunction. This will lead to family disharmony and relationship problems. Increased risk of infections Reduced immunity due to increased cortisol levels can lead to various infections. It will cause deterioration of the general wellbeing [3 and 4]. For an example chronic stress can cause impaired wound healing [5]. Depression Prolonged elevation of cortisol is known to cause depression [7]. Therefore chronic stress can indeed cause depression. Gastric ulcers Chronic stress can increase the gastric acid secretion [6]. Increased gastric acid secretion can cause heart burn and gastric ulcers. Indirect effects of stress on body C:UsersluluAppDataLocalMicrosoftWindowsTemporary Internet FilesContent.IE5YK5A4VMUMC900056994[1].wmf Increased risk behavior Risk behavior such as alcohol consumption, drugs abuse and smoking can increase with stress. In addition some people may tend to overeat due to stress. These behaviors can increase the risk of heart disease and stroke. Drug abuse Some people with stress tend to abuse prescription drugs such as Ambien, Valium or opiates. These drugs in over dosage can be lethal. In addition people who abuse drugs usually take a mixture of several dangerous drugs. It can precipitate some disastrous drug interactions which can cause death or disability. Summary Stress is the human bodys response to change and adjustment. It can help people to cope with an acute change. However, stress that occurs frequently can cause serious harm to your body. Therapy used for Post Traumatic Stress Patients This picture is adapted from http://www.mindmapart.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/04/exercises-for-relaxation-destressing-tony-buzan.jpg Today, there are good treatments available for PTSD. When you have PTSD, dealing with the past can be hard. Instead of telling others how you feel, you may keep your feelings bottled up. But talking with a therapist can help you get better. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is one type of counseling. It appears to be the most effective type of counseling for PTSD. The VA is providing two forms of cognitive behavioral therapy to Veterans with PTSD: Cognitive Processing Therapy (CPT) and Prolonged Exposure (PE) therapy. To learn more about these types of therapy, see our fact sheets listed on the Treatment page. There is also a similar kind of therapy called eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) that is used for PTSD. Medications have also been shown to be effective. A type of drug known as a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), which is also used for depression, is effective for PTSD. Types of cognitive behavioral therapy In cognitive therapy, therapist helps patient to understand and change how patient think about they trauma and its aftermath. They goal is to understand how certain thoughts about they trauma because the stress and make they symptoms worse. Types of exposure behavioral therapy In exposure therapy patients goal is to have less fear about they memories. It is based on the idea that people learn to fear thoughts, feelings, and situations that remind them of a past traumatic event. Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) is another type of therapy for PTSD. Like other kinds of counseling, it can help change how patient react to memories of they trauma. Medication Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are a type of antidepressant medicine. These can help people feel less sad and worried. They appear to be helpful, and for some people they are very effective. Other types of treatment Some other kinds of counseling may be helpful in your recovery. However, more evidence is needed to support these types of treatment for PTSD. Group therapy Many people want to talk about their trauma with others who have had similar experiences. In group therapy, people talk with a group of people who also have been through a trauma and who have PTSD. Sharing they stories with others may help people feel more comfortable talking about your trauma. This can help people cope with they symptoms, memories, and other parts of they life. Brief psychodynamic psychotherapy In this type of therapy, people learn ways of dealing with emotional conflicts caused by they trauma. This therapy helps people understand how they past affects the way they feel now. Family therapy Family therapy is a type of counseling that involves patient whole family. A therapist helps patient and them family to communicate, maintain good relationships, and cope with tough emotions. They family can learn more about PTSD and how it is treated. How long does treatment last? CBT treatment for PTSD often lasts for 3 to 6 months. Other types of treatment for PTSD can last longer. If you have other mental health problems as well as PTSD, treatment may last for 1 to 2 years or longer. PART B RESEARCH C:UsersluluAppDataLocalMicrosoftWindowsTemporary Internet FilesContent.IE5O5C30NJMMC900437563[1].wmf Overview of the companies stress alleviation activities Introduction of company The Coca-Cola Company is the worlds largest beverage company. Along with Coca- Cola, recognized as the worlds most valuable brand, it markets four of the worlds top five soft drink brands. How Coca-Cola Company alleviate stress for their employees This picture is adapted from http://t1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTgrQgE9e-vO46V6phmZATrZPl8gLS77BnEWP8YGBqS5St3Each employee has holidays each year for helping employees to develop they stress. During holiday season, families and businesses can spend wisely on both personal and business gifts. These days, pretty much everyone on holiday gift list is dealing with a degree of stress. These holidays are basic on public holidays and some other holidays, for example Christmas, New Year etc. The coca-cola company often encourages employees to do some physical exercises. Exercise is a good way to deal with stress because it is a healthy way to relieve employee pent-up energy and tension. It also helps employee get in better shape, which makes employee feel better overall. By getting physically active, employee can decrease they levels of anxiety and stress, and elevate they moods. This picture is adapted from http://t0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcToXyrlIqvMo4jjYh3VDfSK4JX6DEEtAIZsgbW2j0dErrSk2e7u0MtLDaI0wgFemale employees were more often likely to choose Yoga-at-Work. Yoga-at-Work is a low-cost and innovative solution for companies wanting to reduce health care expenses, relieve workplace stress and promote employee well-being. The performance of a corporation depends on the performance of its key assets-employees. Healthy employees are more productive and more cost effective. Male employees were more often likely to choose to go gym. E.g. Virgin Active or Discourage. To go to gym are more expensive than Yoga-At-Work but it can help males to get more muscles so when they looks good they will feels good. Numerous studies have shown that people who begin exercise programs, either at home or at work, demonstrate a marked improvement in their ability to concentrate, are able to sleep better, suffer from fewer illnesses, suffer from less pain, and report a much higher quality of life than those who do not exercise. Coca Cola Company has been taking the lead in addressing the epidemic of stress by instituting workplace wellness programs that include a significant stress-reduction component. The most effective of these programs are the ones that integrate physical activity and nutritional programs alongside stress-management training. Businesses that have instituted activity-based workplace wellness programs have enjoyed a $3.00-$5.00 return on every dollar invested in the form of decreased health care costs, decreased absenteeism, increased productivity, decreased employee turnover, and reduced insurance costs. This picture is adapted from http://matznerclinic.com/index.php/services/stress-reductionNutritional Supplements, the lunch support by the Coca Cola company restaurant is been well prepared. There are types of nutritional supplements that can help with stress: those that help to reduce stress and those that help the body better cope with the effects of stress. PART C CREATE Nutritional Supplements There are two types of nutritional supplements that can help with stress: those that help to reduce stress, and those that help the body better cope with the effects of stress. Supplements that help to reduce stress belong to a class of herbs that help the body relax. Herbs such as chamomile, skullcap, valerian, and lavender help to clear a hurried mind and calm intense emotions. People typically drink these herbs as teas. Supplements to help the body better cope with the physical effects of stress are the B-vitamins and zinc. When you are under stress, your need for zinc and the B-vitamins goes up considerably. If you dont have enough of these, your health will suffer, which is why people often become sick when they are under a lot of stress. Taking a B-complex supplement along with zinc will help to protect your body from the negative effects of stress.

The Scarlet Letter :: essays research papers

Author's Background: Nathaniel Hawthorne was born in Salem, Massachusetts on July 4th, 1804. Hawthorne lived poor due to his father's death when he was four, but he was helped by relatives and enrolled in college where he displayed an interest in writing. In college, he met a friend who would prove to be an invaluable help Franklin Pierce, future President of the United States. In 1825 he graduated and lived with his uncle in Salem for 12 years, devoting his time to reading, writing, and scrapping for publication. He spewed out several stories, but few sold for over $35 each. In 1837 Hawthorne took a job in the Custom-House in Boston. He grew bored with this work and the people around him, however, up to the point where he wrote The Custom House as an introduction to The Scarlet Letter. In this introduction he showed the dull life of working in a custom house. From the Custom-House, he left for Brooke Farm. During his time at Brooke Farm, he met such thinkers as Emmerson and Thoreau. He also met and courted Sophia Peabody, and left Brooke Farm with her in 1842 to stay at "Old Manse", the Emmerson homestead. When Emmerson returned to Old Manse, Hawthorne left and went to Salem to live with Sophia. From this point, Hawthorne won a job at the Salem Custom-House due to a political appointment from his college friend Franklin Pierce. However, when the political winds changed to Zachary Taylor, he lost his job and devoted himself to writing at his wife's insistence. The result was The Scarlet Letter, which was the beginning of a successful series of books including The House of Seven Gables in 1851, The Blithedale Romance in 1852, and Tanglewood Tales for Boys and Girls in 1853. With this success and the aid of President Franklin Pierce, he was appointed as US consul to Liverpool, England. This was a reward for writing Pierce's biography. Hawthorne's final years are sketchy. On a voyage back to Plymouth, New Hampshire, he became deathly ill and died on May 19, 1864. He was buried on Concord, Massachusetts. Literary Period and Setting Literary Period: Romanticism and Transcendentalism Setting: Boston, Massachusetts. USA 1842-1849 Characters Hester Prynne A) Hester was a beautiful young woman who lives in Boston, Massachusetts. She is proud and strong, but commits the sin of adultery with Reverend Dimmesdale while her husband is supposedly in England finishing up some work. Pearl is the product of this sin and Hester is forced to wear a scarlet letter "A" on her bosom for the rest of her life to show her sin. Isolated from the community, Hester is forced to rise a step higher than

Alliances Balancing and Bandwagoning

Stephen M. Walt’s main purpose in his work is to assert his explanations for the actions done by states in the international arena with regard to their alliances as a response to a certain factor or condition that affects or influences the very well being and situation of a state.The entire point of Stephen M. Walt revolves around the reaction of states when engaged or met with external threat. His analysis illustrates the possible behavioural patterns of states by explaining what kind of actions these states make and why.He thus caters two concepts; balancing and bandwagoning, stating that states tend to either balance or bandwagon depending on where these states perceive that they best fit or may benefit from. Therefore, he develops his analysis by proposing that the states two primary options or actions are to either ally in opposition of an external threat or to ally with the external threat itself. Stephen M. Walt holds that these two concepts are dependent upon the type and level of external threat manifested to them.This is not to discount the fact that the state’s influence, power or how the international community perceives it must also be taken into consideration; whether a state is considered as a strong state or a weak state.In a nutshell, Stephen M. Walt submits that a state may ally with other states in the face of an existing threat or it may arrange itself with this threat. He thus primarily asserts that as part of the natural behavioural pattern of a state, other theorists may say that balancing shall be the more convenient or expected action by a state rather than bandwagoning.It is fundamental to hypothesize that a strong state shall have the automatic tendency to balance. While the weak states may also choose to balance but this is only as a response to other weak states. When the conflict is between a weak and a strong state, it is another story.It is but natural in such a situation for a weak state to bandwagon when respondin g to a threat posed by a strong state. Stephen M. Walt’s alliance theory explains that a state’s action when responding to an external threat is the phenomenon of knowing when will such a state form an alliance and what will influence the state’s choice in making an alliance.This phenomenon is an expected behavioural pattern and a normal reaction. The focal area of concern with regard to this phenomenon is focused mainly on the each state’s duty and responsibility to protect itself. As a means of security, the state will be expected to put its safety as the first priority when an external threat is lurking around.The decision that follows shall take in consideration the state as a whole and how it is perceived by the international community. Primarily, the argument that pushes the theory of Stephen M. Walt falls largely on the shoulders of the two concepts of balancing and bandwagoning.As mentioned earlier, balancing is about allying with other states aga inst the external threat. In other words, states form an alliance against another state or group of states that pose the dominant and greater threat.This is simply a way for a state to deal with another state which is a threat because of its greater aggregate power. A determining factor here is hinged on a state’s capability, particularly its military capability. However, the type of military capability that is in question is on a state’s offensive capability which poses the threat to other states.The defensive military capability is not much given attention due to the fact that such capability will not be a threat unless provoked or initiated by another state. But having a strong and threatening offensive capability is not the only distress and apprehension of other states.The level or aggressiveness of a particular state is definitely taken into account. Each state regardless of their capabilities has their own way of responding and not responding to threats and issu es they encounter. Moreover, alliances formed under the concept of balancing are somewhat situational or circumstantial.Although alliances are forged heavily to answer the call of threat, these alliances change dramatically when that threat is conquered or disposed of. Wars seem to be the common cause of most states to form an alliance but the moment the war ends, the alliance breaks as well. As much as alliance through balancing is very much evident and supported by past occurrences, the opposite concept of bandwagoning is as much evident and present as seen during the Cold War. It is therefore asserted that bandwagoning is most likely to happen than balancing.Stephen M. Walt even stresses that any need for a legitimate justification to be involved in international territories or issues can be covered by bandwagoning. Furthermore, bandwagoning is also used as a means of increasing a state’s military capacity.Proponents of bandwagoning see the logic in this concept by simply knowing that the greater a state’s aggregate capability and offensive capability the more likely it is for other states to form an alliance with it. Even the geographical location is taken into consideration.The states that are located near a powerful state shall have a greater tendency of forming an alliance with the powerful state. The location of states geographically in relation to another state particularly with the stronger state is very important especially in times of conflict.This because the issues on borders and the time it takes to send help and information to an ally will largely depend of their positions. And being the opposite of balancing, the states will not align against the powerful state because of its aggressive perceived intentions.And also, the alliances formed against the greater state will disintegrate as a response to a serious obstacle that they realize is already beyond them. Stephen M. Walt states his theory by deducing it from rational and histor ically based assumptions and behavioural patterns which states have already done to point out that what states will most possibly be doing. The past shows times of numerous instances in international relations which act as an example or as a guide in predicting not necessarily the end result but the processes of interactions between states.Stephen M. Walt cites numerous occasions and incidents in the World War and the Cold War as an example for proving his theory. He thus bases his conclusions and hypotheses knowing that there are only limited possible steps or actions that a state can actually make.The assertion of Stephen M. Walt’s theory by quantifying and qualifying a state’s action to form an alliance as a response to an external threat through balancing and bandwagoning as supported by historical bases makes it logically sound.The argument that is proposed takes root in the rational and natural assessment of how exactly a state will respond to the situation prese nted. In other words, the theory is an anticipation of an expected probable outcome.The explanation is implicated in the concepts of balancing and bandwagoning which are two polar manifestations that show that for every action taken or not taken, there is also another option which is the alternative or opposite action taken or not taken.For example, as stated earlier in balancing, the greater the threatening state’s aggregate power, the greater the tendency of others to align against it. While in bandwagoning, the greater the threatening state’s aggregate power, the greater the tendency of others to align with it.The cause and effect implication is simply related to the relationship between one state’s relation with another, a state’s capability and the other state’s capability and most importantly, one’s external threat confronted by a state as manifested by another state.The threat is the absolute indicator or the absolute cause of how a s tate will react. The level of threat will influence every consideration that a state will take into. Technically speaking, in consideration of the cause and effect analysis, it becomes quite obvious that this theory of Stephen M. Walt is a primary response or a better description and explanation of the forming of alliances of states. It is asserted by other theorists that the overlying source for the alliances formed by states is founded on the power relations between states.Thus, the balancing or bandwagoning of states are simply actions to balance the power in the prevailing status quo of the international sphere. But Stephen M. Walt sees that the states do not seek security from power but rather, states seek security from threat.Power can be threat but it can also not be threat. Power is a neutral factor and cannot be seen as a threat unless used as one. While threat on the other hand is a concept that poses danger and concern to a state making it more definite and ideal to thoro ughly and greatly influence the state’s actions.

Perfect wife Essay Example

Perfect wife Essay Example Perfect wife Paper Perfect wife Paper Elizabeth Barrett Browning Aurora Leigh An exploration of the alterity of the artist woman in Book 2 and 3, focussing upon the symbolic judgments voiced by Romney and Lady Waldemar, with reference to Auroras impertinence and asexuality. Both Romney Leigh and Lady Waldemar make symbolic judgments about Aurora. They are disturbed by her role as a writer, which they view as impertinence. As an artist woman in a mans world, this makes Aurora neither man nor woman in their eyes but asexual. This essay explores these judgments in the light of Auroras otherness which is in contrast to the identity which a patriarchal society has constructed for women. Romneys voice is the voice of patriarchy. His speech reveals the identity that a patriarchal society has constructed for women when he tells Aurora that the proper place for a Woman as you are, mere woman, personal and passionate is in the role of: doting mothers, and perfect wives, Sublime Madonnas, and enduring saints! (II. 220-3) As this speech shows, Romney believes all women should remain within the traditional roles assigned to them by patriarchy. The expectation for women is that they resemble in behaviour, the Virgin Mary or other saints, who endure great hardship but without complaint. Victorian society believed that a womans sole focus in life should be on the needs of her children and her husband and only then can she be viewed as the perfect wife. Romney Leigh sees nothing in Aurora which resembles any of these attributes for as he says, We get no Christ from you. (II.224) As a writer, Aurora fails to conform to the ideal woman, wife and mother as it has been constructed by patriarchy, rather she embodies an otherness which is in complete contrast to this ideal. However, Romney even refuses to give her credit for her writing because he feels her lack of womanly virtue destroys her credibility as an artist, and verily/We shall not get a poet, in my mind. (II. 224-5) Clearly, Romney views Auroras otherness as an impediment to her skills as a writer because he believes she is unable to act like a woman was expected to be. This notion is revealed further when Romney accuses the woman artist of trying to be a prophet, who is attempting to teach the living about things which woman cannot understand. What Romney means is that women are supposedly only sympathetic to the personal woes in life, whereas men are capable of sympathizing with a more universal anguish and general suffering in the world. (II. 181-199) He tells Aurora: You weep for what you know. A red-haired child Sick in fever, if you touch him once, Though but so little as with a finger-tip,Will set you weeping; but a million sick You could as soon weep for the rule of three Or compound fractions. (II. 213-18) This reveals not only Romneys patronizing symbolic judgement of the woman artist being incapable of experiencing any emotion with regard to the greater, and in his view, far more important issues in life, but also that all women are incapable of having these feelings which is why he believes women do not make good writers. In Romneys judgment, all women are selfish and not do feel anything for the wider and more important issues. He says that since this is a world/Uncomprehended by women, then the world should remain Uninfluenced by women. (II. 218-20) Since Romney Leigh perceives women to be outside the realm of true human emotion, he even sees them as not human. Indeed, Romneys symbolic judgment of womenartists is that they are like beasts for Aurora is described as a grand wild creature of the woods, who hate[s] the stall built for her. (II. 1098/9) In other words, Aurora is like a horse.

Free Essays on Gateway

Brett A. Goldschmidt Dr. Albrecht Internet exercise â€Å"Gateway† Gateway’s website is very simplistic, but at the same time it is very blunt, and to the point. When we first enter the Gateway site, pop-up advertisements come up which I was not to impressed by, but further examining the main page of the website, the â€Å"support, at home, and office† tabs were a definite way of segmenting their clients or visitors of the website. I was very impressed to see that the â€Å"At Home† tab consisted of a lot of different options for models of computers. The computers ranged in price from $699 to $2,000 and over. The website really caters to the consumer because you can customize your computer and get everything you need and nothing you don’t. The accessories that gateway offered is a selection second to none; and I also was impressed of all the digital technology that was offered by Gateway. The website was simple and easy to use which is a plus in my books. I give gateway a thumbs up and congratulate them on a segmen ting job done well.... Free Essays on Gateway Free Essays on Gateway Gateway’s website is very simplistic, but at the same time it is very blunt, and to the point. When we first enter the Gateway site, pop-up advertisements come up which I was not to impressed by, but further examining the main page of the website, the â€Å"support, at home, and office† tabs were a definite way of segmenting their clients or visitors of the website. I was very impressed to see that the â€Å"At Home† tab consisted of a lot of different options for models of computers. The computers ranged in price from $699 to $2,000 and over. The website really caters to the consumer because you can customize your computer and get everything you need and nothing you don’t. The accessories that gateway offered is a selection second to none; and I also was impressed of all the digital technology that was offered by Gateway. The website was simple and easy to use which is a plus in my books. I give gateway a thumbs up and congratulate them on a segmen ting job done well.... Free Essays on Gateway Brett A. Goldschmidt Dr. Albrecht Internet exercise â€Å"Gateway† Gateway’s website is very simplistic, but at the same time it is very blunt, and to the point. When we first enter the Gateway site, pop-up advertisements come up which I was not to impressed by, but further examining the main page of the website, the â€Å"support, at home, and office† tabs were a definite way of segmenting their clients or visitors of the website. I was very impressed to see that the â€Å"At Home† tab consisted of a lot of different options for models of computers. The computers ranged in price from $699 to $2,000 and over. The website really caters to the consumer because you can customize your computer and get everything you need and nothing you don’t. The accessories that gateway offered is a selection second to none; and I also was impressed of all the digital technology that was offered by Gateway. The website was simple and easy to use which is a plus in my books. I give gateway a thumbs up and congratulate them on a segmen ting job done well....

Compare and contrast Number Four at Stow (boutique hotel) and Accor Essay

Compare and contrast Number Four at Stow (boutique hotel) and Accor group (chain hotel) - Essay Example On the other hand, the benefit of the Accor Group of Hotels lies in the fact that it is spread all across Europe and even in the US and Canada, thus giving customers an option to go to a hotel they are familiar with, anywhere. Number Four at Stow Caroline and Patricia have a dedicated team at Number Four and work hard to ensure that their stylish, contemporary boutique hotel offers luxury and comfort as well as an enjoyable unique personal service. Their culinary attraction, Chef Brian Cutler prepares his innovative menu from locally sourced and seasonal produce that makes it a guaranteed winner. Number Four at Stow, is the perfect place in which to unwind.   Located on the Fosseway between Bourton on the Water and Stow-on-the-Wold, this hotel is ideally situated in the heart of the captivating Cotswolds.   You can explore many stately homes and National Trust properties in the area. They have something for everyone, including wildlife parks, a range of shops to tickle the fancy of the shopaholics, art galleries and antique stores for those with impeccable taste. There are also walkways, pubs and a range of activities for those who love the outdoors such as horse riding, golfing and shooting. And for those who just want to relax, they can book into a local spa for a soothing massage or facial. (hotelnumberfour.co.uk) Accor Group The hotels from Accor Group are very different from Number Four. Accor’s hotel operations include  complementary brands from luxury to budget  that have made a mark around the world because of their high quality service. Some of the hotels are: Sofitel, Pullman, MGallery, Novotel,  Suite Novotel, Mercure,  ibis, all seasons, Etap hotel, hotelF1, Motel6, as well as Thalassa sea & spa  and Lenotre. The Accor Group has a presence in 90 countries, with  4,229 hotels and more than 500,000 rooms. Their specialty lies in the tailor-made services they provide to each customer, whether business or pleasure. (accor.com) Ana lysis The benefits of each of these hotels vary. While Number Four is more focused on its clientele in Birmingham, The Accor Group has a variety of hotels across the world and is still expanding. Comparing the two one can see that they both want to please their customers and bring them back. For this purpose, Number Four has introduced various services for their customers and has included the element of personal attention. On the other hand, the Accor Group is trying to achieve the same by giving their customers more options in terms of hotels, brands, prices, themes and locations. They have a variety of brands in their hotel groups that range across budget, economy, midscale, upscale and luxury. They might have considered that they are a strong brand and can provide people with options. Considering that the target here for both the hotels is the business travel market, one can realize that their strategies to achieve success are completely different although neither is necessarily wrong. Business travelers have needs and requirements that are different from casual travelers who are staying in hotels for pleasure, or on holidays. While travelling on business, they mostly require staying at places where they can have meetings, seminars and conferences, not to mention that they most probably will be working and therefore need an environment that will promote fruitful work and aid them in their business. Business hotels need a lot

Issue of civil liability under 42 U.S.C. section 1983 Essay

Issue of civil liability under 42 U.S.C. section 1983 - Essay Example Besides civil liability, this study also intends to address qualified immunity, a decree whose role encompasses shielding all state’s agents like police while executing respective mandates. The fact that it was impractical for all aggrieved parties to present individual claims touching on incurred damages directly to the constitution, it is therefore a requirement that such people result to own lawsuits only achievable through section 1983 (Huth & Cavico, n.d). Besides availing tangible legal remedies more so in terms of monetary damages, this section is essential in predicting the attorney’s fee recovery (Huth & Cavico, n.d). In addition, the affected has the opportunity of lodging complaints with the local citizen complaint board. This is especially when respective state’s agents (police) fail in executing required measures as agreed upon with the aggrieved. In this section, its core intention encompasses granting the aggrieved ample platform meant to sue anybody who in anyway prompted the affected not enjoying certain entitled constitutional privileges (Jail House Lawyer’s handbook, 2010). Therefore, it acts, as a shield whose intention encompasses addressing cases that a certain state agent has acted inappropriately to the extent; the affected did not enjoy his or her privileges. Hence, granting a person an opportunity to express oneself besides enjoying other privileges availed by enactments that allow him or her to embrace his or her creed of choice and other aspects. This is without any instances of seizure, unjustifiable castigations that eventually yield to internment. Studies contend absolute immunity encompasses shunning any incidences of state’s agents being liable for unjustifiable criminal prosecutions and lawsuits. However, this immunity is only active and recognizable when the state’s staff acts accordingly and within limits of one’s duties. Hence, implying if he or she goes off the agreed and set